{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T14:47:06Z","timestamp":1790088426712,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JNS"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Object<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>In this paper the authors' goal was to evaluate the feasibility and efficacy of a virtual reality (VR) system in preoperative planning for microvascular decompression (MVD) procedures treating idiopathic trigeminal neuralgia and hemifacial spasm. The system's role in surgical simulation and training was also assessed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Between May 2008 and April 2009, the authors used the Dextroscope system to visualize the neurovascular complex and simulate MVD in the cerebellopontine angle in a VR environment in 16 patients (6 patients had trigeminal neuralgia and 10 had hemifacial spasm). Reconstructions were carried out 2\u20133 days before MVD. Images were printed in a red-blue stereoscopic format for teaching and discussion and were brought into the operating room to be compared with real-time intraoperative findings.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The VR environment was a powerful aid for spatial understanding of the neurovascular relationship in MVD for operating surgeons and trainees. Through an initial series of comparison\/confirmation experiences, the senior neurosurgeon became accustomed to the system. He could predict intraoperative problems and simulate surgical maneuvering, which increased his confidence in performing the procedure.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The Dextroscope system is an easy and rapid method to create a stereoscopic neurovascular model for MVD that is highly concordant with intraoperative findings. It effectively shortens the learning curve and adds to the surgeon's confidence.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3171\/2009.9.jns091012","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,10,23]],"date-time":"2009-10-23T12:24:37Z","timestamp":1256300677000},"page":"479-485","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Preoperative evaluation of neurovascular relationships for microvascular decompression in the cerebellopontine angle in a virtual reality environment"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"113","author":[{"given":"Zhuo-Ying","family":"Du","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurosurgery and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiang","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurosurgery and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiao-Luo","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurosurgery and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhi-Qiu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurosurgery and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei-Jun","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radiology, Huashan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"key":"b1-jns091012","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"666","article-title":"High-resolution three-dimensional magnetic resonance angiography and three-dimensional spoiled gradient-recalled imaging in the evaluation of neurovascular compression in patients with trigeminal neuralgia: a double-blind pilot study","volume":"58","author":"Anderson","year":"2006"},{"key":"b2-jns091012","series-title":"Minim Invasive Neurosurg","first-page":"65","article-title":"Virtual 3-dimensional preoperative planning with the dextroscope for excision of a 4th ventricular ependymoma","volume":"50","author":"Anil","year":"2007"},{"key":"b3-jns091012","series-title":"Radiology","first-page":"227","article-title":"Hemifacial spasm: three-dimensional MR images in the evaluation of neurovascular compression","volume":"197","author":"Du","year":"1995"},{"key":"b4-jns091012","series-title":"Acad Radiol","first-page":"1369","article-title":"Analysis and 3-dimensional visualization of neurovascular compression syndromes","volume":"10","author":"Hastreiter","year":"2003"},{"key":"b5-jns091012","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"1436","article-title":"Microvascular decompression for treatment of trigeminal neuralgia, hemifacial spasm, and glossopharyngeal neuralgia: three surgical approach variations: technical note","volume":"53","author":"Hitotsumatsu","year":"2003"},{"key":"b6-jns091012","series-title":"Magn Reson Med Sci","first-page":"145","article-title":"Virtual endoscopic images by 3D FASE cisternography for neurovascular compression","volume":"2","author":"Ishimori","year":"2003"},{"issue":"Suppl","key":"b7-jns091012","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"159","article-title":"Arterial compression of the trigeminal nerve at the pons in patients with trigeminal neuralgia","volume":"26","author":"Jannetta","year":"1967"},{"key":"b8-jns091012","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"321","article-title":"Etiology and definitive microsurgical treatment of hemifacial spasm. 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