{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T06:06:30Z","timestamp":1789193190422,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JNS"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Panic attacks are sudden debilitating attacks of intense distress often accompanied by physical symptoms such as shortness of breath and heart palpitations. Numerous brain regions, hormones, and neurotransmitter systems are putatively involved, but the etiology and neurocircuitry of panic attacks is far from established. One particular brain region of interest is the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH). In cats and rats, electrical stimulation delivered to the VMH has been shown to evoke an emotional \u201cpanic attack\u2013like\u201d escape behavior, and in humans, stimulation targeting nuclei just posterior or anterior to the VMH has reportedly induced panic attacks. The authors report findings obtained in an awake patient undergoing bilateral implantation of deep brain stimulation electrodes into the hypothalamus that strongly implicates the VMH as being critically involved in the genesis of panic attacks. First, as the stimulating electrode progressed deeper into the VMH, the intensity of stimulation required to evoke an attack systematically decreased; second, while stimulation of the VMH in either hemisphere evoked panic, stimulation that appeared to be in the center of the VMH was more potent. Thus, this evidence supports the role of the VMH in the induction of panic attacks purported by animal studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3171\/2009.9.jns09577","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,10,23]],"date-time":"2009-10-23T12:24:37Z","timestamp":1256300677000},"page":"1295-1298","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":111,"title":["Induction of panic attack by stimulation of the ventromedial hypothalamus"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"112","author":[{"given":"W. Bryan","family":"Wilent","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Erie;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael Y.","family":"Oh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Allegheny General Hospital, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; and"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cathrin M.","family":"Buetefisch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julian E.","family":"Bailes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diane","family":"Cantella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Allegheny General Hospital, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cindy","family":"Angle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Allegheny General Hospital, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Donald M.","family":"Whiting","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Allegheny General Hospital, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; and"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"key":"b1-1121295","series-title":"Pharmacol Biochem Behav","first-page":"481","article-title":"The medial hypothalamic defensive system: hodological organization and functional implications","volume":"71","author":"Canteras","year":"2002"},{"key":"b2-1121295","series-title":"Helv Physiol Pharmacol Acta","first-page":"33","article-title":"Das subkortikale Zentrum der affektiven Abwehrreaktion","volume":"1","author":"Hess","year":"1943"},{"key":"b3-1121295","series-title":"Neurotherapeutics","first-page":"294","article-title":"Mechanisms and targets of deep brain stimulation in movement disorders","volume":"5","author":"Johnson","year":"2008"},{"key":"b4-1121295","series-title":"Brain Res","first-page":"294","article-title":"Hypothalamic substrates for brain stimulation-induced patterns of locomotion and escape jumps in the rat","volume":"449","author":"Lammers","year":"1988"},{"key":"b5-1121295","series-title":"Behav Brain Res","first-page":"197","article-title":"High-frequency stimulation of the dorsolateral periaqueductal gray and ventromedial hypothalamus fails to inhibit panic-like behaviour","volume":"193","author":"Lim","year":"2008"},{"key":"b6-1121295","series-title":"Neurosci Res","first-page":"438","article-title":"A mapping study of hypothalamic defensive attack and related responses in cats","volume":"6","author":"Maeda","year":"1989"},{"key":"b7-1121295","series-title":"Psychiatry Clin Neurosci","first-page":"325","article-title":"Hypothalamically induced emotional behavior and immunological changes in the cat","volume":"55","author":"Mori","year":"2001"},{"key":"b8-1121295","series-title":"Confin Neurol","first-page":"30","article-title":"Central pain. 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Case report and review of the literature.]","volume":"11","author":"Rasche","year":"2006"},{"key":"b11-1121295","series-title":"Lancet","first-page":"1023","article-title":"Panic disorder","volume":"368","author":"Roy-Byrne","year":"2006"},{"key":"b12-1121295","series-title":"Brain","first-page":"940","article-title":"Hypothalamic stimulation in chronic cluster headache: a pilot study of efficacy and mode of action","volume":"128","author":"Schoenen","year":"2005"},{"key":"b13-1121295","series-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry","first-page":"410","article-title":"Panic and fear induced by deep brain stimulation","volume":"77","author":"Shapira","year":"2006"},{"key":"b14-1121295","series-title":"Anesth Analg","first-page":"1334","article-title":"Panic attacks after spinal cord stimulator implantation","volume":"103","author":"Sheu","year":"2006"},{"key":"b15-1121295","series-title":"Arch Neurol Psychiatry","first-page":"296","article-title":"Hypothalamus and affective behavior in cats: study of effects of experimental lesions, with anatomical correlations","volume":"52","author":"Wheatley","year":"1944"}],"container-title":["Journal of Neurosurgery"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/view\/journals\/j-neurosurg\/112\/6\/article-p1295.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/j-neurosurg\/112\/6\/article-p1295.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/j-neurosurg\/112\/6\/article-p1295.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,27]],"date-time":"2023-03-27T07:53:13Z","timestamp":1679903593000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/view\/journals\/j-neurosurg\/112\/6\/article-p1295.xml"}},"subtitle":["Case report"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,6]]},"references-count":15,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/2009.9.jns09577","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-3085","1933-0693"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-3085","type":"print"},{"value":"1933-0693","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,6]]}}}