{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T01:30:11Z","timestamp":1780450211220,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JNS"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Object<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Outcomes in clinical trials on trigeminal pain therapies require instruments with demonstrated reliability and validity. The authors evaluated the Brief Pain Inventory (BPI) in its existing form plus an additional 7 facial-specific items in patients referred to a single neurosurgeon for a diagnosis of facial pain. The complete 18-item instrument is referred to as the BPI-Facial.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>This study was a cross-sectional analysis of patients who completed the BPI-Facial. The diagnosis of classic versus atypical trigeminal neuralgia (TN) was made before analyzing the questionnaire results. A hypothesis-driven factor analysis was used to determine the principal components of the questionnaire. Item reliability and questionnaire validity were tested for these specific constructs.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Data from 156 patients were analyzed, including 114 patients (73%) with classic and 42 (27%) with atypical TN. Using orthomax rotation factor analysis, 3 factors with an eigenvalue &gt; 1.0 were identified\u2014pain intensity, interference with general activities, and facial-specific pain interference\u2014accounting for 97.6% of the observed item variance. Retention of the 3 factors was confirmed via a Cattell scree plot. Internal reliability was demonstrated by calculating Cronbach's \u03b1: 0.86 for pain intensity, 0.89 for interference with general activities, 0.95 for facial-specific pain interference, and 0.94 for the entire instrument.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p>Initial validity of the BPI-Facial instrument was supported by the detection of statistically significant differences between patients with classic versus atypical pain. Patients with atypical TN rated their facial pain as more intense (atypical 6.24 vs classic 5.03, p = 0.013) and as having greater interference in general activities (atypical 6.94 vs classic 5.43, p = 0.0033). Both groups expressed high levels of facial-specific pain interference (atypical 6.34 vs classic 5.95, p = 0.527).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The BPI-Facial is a rigorous measure of facial pain in patients with TN and appears to have sound psychometric properties and is responsive to differences between classic and atypical TN. Future studies must assess the instrument's test-retest reliability, validity in additional populations, and responsiveness with respect to changes in patient outcomes following neurosurgical interventions and medical therapies.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3171\/2010.1.jns09669","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,2,12]],"date-time":"2010-02-12T13:37:24Z","timestamp":1265981844000},"page":"516-523","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":52,"title":["Development of and psychometric testing for the Brief Pain Inventory\u2013Facial in patients with facial pain syndromes"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"113","author":[{"given":"John Y. K.","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurosurgery and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H. Isaac","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurosurgery and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher","family":"Urban","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurosurgery and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anahita","family":"Hojat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurosurgery and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ephraim","family":"Church","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurosurgery and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sharon X.","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John T.","family":"Farrar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"b1-jns09669","series-title":"Cephalalgia","first-page":"9","article-title":"The International Classification of Headache Disorders: 2nd edition","volume":"24","author":"Anonymous","year":"2004"},{"key":"b2-jns09669","series-title":"N Engl J Med","first-page":"1077","article-title":"The long-term outcome of microvascular decompression for trigeminal neuralgia","volume":"334","author":"Barker","year":"1996"},{"key":"b3-jns09669","series-title":"Pain Med","first-page":"133","article-title":"A novel approach to the use of animals in studies of pain: validation of the canine brief pain inventory in canine bone cancer","volume":"10","author":"Brown","year":"2009"},{"key":"b4-jns09669","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1278","article-title":"Ability of the canine brief pain inventory to detect 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A Practical Guide to Their Development and Use","author":"Streiner","year":"1995"},{"key":"b19-jns09669","series-title":"J Pain","first-page":"133","article-title":"Validation of the Brief Pain Inventory for chronic nonmalignant pain","volume":"5","author":"Tan","year":"2004"},{"key":"b20-jns09669","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"527","article-title":"Predictors of outcome in surgically managed patients with typical and atypical trigeminal neuralgia: comparison of results following microvascular decompression","volume":"96","author":"Tyler-Kabara","year":"2002"},{"key":"b21-jns09669","series-title":"Pain","first-page":"396","article-title":"Towards a new taxonomy of idiopathic orofacial pain","volume":"116","author":"Woda","year":"2005"},{"key":"b22-jns09669","series-title":"Anaesthesia","first-page":"803","article-title":"Long-term outcome of percutaneous thermocoagulation for trigeminal neuralgia","volume":"54","author":"Yoon","year":"1999"},{"key":"b23-jns09669","series-title":"Assessment and Management of Orofacial Pain","first-page":"267","article-title":"Trigeminal neuralgia","volume":"14","author":"Zakrzewska","year":"2002"},{"key":"b24-jns09669","series-title":"Pain","first-page":"51","article-title":"A prospective, longitudinal study on patients with trigeminal neuralgia who underwent radiofrequency thermocoagulation of the Gasserian ganglion","volume":"79","author":"Zakrzewska","year":"1999"},{"key":"b25-jns09669","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"110","article-title":"Quality of reporting in evaluations of surgical treatment of trigeminal neuralgia: recommendations for future reports","volume":"53","author":"Zakrzewska","year":"2003"}],"container-title":["Journal of Neurosurgery"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/view\/journals\/j-neurosurg\/113\/3\/article-p516.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/j-neurosurg\/113\/3\/article-p516.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/j-neurosurg\/113\/3\/article-p516.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,27]],"date-time":"2023-03-27T03:51:15Z","timestamp":1679889075000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/view\/journals\/j-neurosurg\/113\/3\/article-p516.xml"}},"subtitle":["Clinical article"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,9]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/2010.1.jns09669","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-3085","1933-0693"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-3085","type":"print"},{"value":"1933-0693","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,9]]}}}