{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]],"date-time":"2026-03-03T04:22:52Z","timestamp":1772511772615,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["SPI"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Object<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Posterior screw-rod fixation for thoracic spine trauma usually involves fusion across long segments. Biomechanical data on screw-based short-segment fixation for thoracic fusion are lacking. The authors compared the effects of spanning short and long segments in the thoracic spine.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Seven human spine segments (5 segments from T-2 to T-8; 2 segments from T-3 to T-9) were prepared. Pure-moment loading of 6 Nm was applied to induce flexion, extension, lateral bending, and axial rotation while 3D motion was measured optoelectronically. Normal specimens were tested, and then a wedge fracture was created on the middle vertebra after cutting the posterior ligaments. Five conditions of instrumentation were tested, as follows: Step A, 4-level fixation plus cross-link; Step B, 2-level fixation; Step C, 2-level fixation plus cross-link; Step D, 2-level fixation plus screws at fracture site (index); and Step E, 2-level fixation plus index screws plus cross-link.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Long-segment fixation restricted 2-level range of motion (ROM) during extension and lateral bending significantly better than the most rigid short-segment construct. Adding index screws in short-segment constructs significantly reduced ROM during flexion, lateral bending, and axial rotation (p &lt; 0.03). A cross-link reduced axial rotation ROM (p = 0.001), not affecting other loading directions (p &gt; 0.4).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Thoracic short-segment fixation provides significantly less stability than long-segment fixation for the injury studied. Adding a cross-link to short fixation improved stability only during axial rotation. Adding a screw at the fracture site improved short-segment stability by an average of 25%.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3171\/2010.10.spine09785","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,12,24]],"date-time":"2010-12-24T14:59:14Z","timestamp":1293202754000},"page":"226-234","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Biomechanics of thoracic short versus long fixation after 3-column injury"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Bruno C. R.","family":"Lazaro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neurological Surgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona; and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fatih Ersay","family":"Deniz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neurosurgery, Gaziosmanpasa University, Tokat, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Leonardo B. 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U.","family":"Sawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neurological Surgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona; and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nicholas","family":"Theodore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neurological Surgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona; and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Volker K. H.","family":"Sonntag","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neurological Surgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona; and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Neil R.","family":"Crawford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neurological Surgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona; and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"key":"b1-spine09785","series-title":"J Spinal Disord Tech","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1097\/01.bsd.0000211240.98963.f6","article-title":"Intermediate screws in short segment pedicular fixation for thoracic and lumbar fractures: a biomechanical study","volume":"20","author":"Anekstein","year":"2007"},{"key":"b2-spine09785","series-title":"Spine","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2340","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200111010-00010","article-title":"In vivo accuracy of thoracic pedicle screws","volume":"26","author":"Belmont","year":"2001"},{"key":"b3-spine09785","series-title":"Spine J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/S1529-9430(01)00116-4","article-title":"Segmental pedicle screw fixation or cross-links in multilevel lumbar constructs. a biomechanical analysis","volume":"1","author":"Brodke","year":"2001"},{"key":"b4-spine09785","series-title":"Spine","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200301010-00021","article-title":"Fluoroscopically assisted pedicle screw fixation for thoracic and thoracolumbar injuries: technique and short-term complications","volume":"28","author":"Carbone","year":"2003"},{"key":"b5-spine09785","series-title":"Spine","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199602010-00006","article-title":"Short-segment pedicle instrumentation. 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