{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T18:18:35Z","timestamp":1790878715469,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["FOC"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Object<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament (OPLL) is a pathological process of ectopic calcification with a preponderance for the cervical spine. Epidemiological and familial studies have both indicated predisposition; however, the genetic inheritance pattern and responsible genes for OPLL are still uncertain. The aim of this study was to evaluate and summarize the current understanding of the genetics underlying OPLL.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The authors reviewed epidemiological and genetic studies surrounding OPLL, with a particular focus on inheritance patterns and potential genes responsible for OPLL, using a PubMed database literature search.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Despite an unclear inheritance pattern, there appears to be a strong familial link in patients with OPLL. Examination of these patterns using linkage analysis has shown multiple candidate genes that could be responsible for the inheritance of OPLL. Genes for collagen, nucleotide pyrophosphatase, transforming growth factors, and the vitamin D receptor have all been implicated. Additionally, multiple cytokines and growth factors, including bone morphogenetic proteins as well as other proteins and interleukins involved in bone development, have been shown to be abnormally expressed in patients with OPLL. In addition, multiple mechanical and metabolic factors such as hyperinsulinemia and obesity have been shown to be linked to OPLL.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament has a complex inheritance pattern. It does not appear that OPLL follows a simple, single-gene Mendelian inheritance pattern. Development of OPLL is more likely multifactorial in nature and develops in patients with a genetic predisposition from a variety of different mutations in various genes on various chromosomes. Additionally, environmental factors and interaction by other pathological disease processes, such as obesity and diabetes mellitus, may play a role in the development of OPLL in susceptible individuals.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3171\/2010.12.focus10275","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,3,3]],"date-time":"2011-03-03T02:21:27Z","timestamp":1299118887000},"page":"E7","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["The genetics of ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"William R.","family":"Stetler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frank","family":"La Marca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"key":"b1-0300007","series-title":"Spine","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1644","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e3181aa01fc","article-title":"Evidence of enhanced expression of osteopontin in spinal hyperostosis of the twy mouse","volume":"34","author":"Aiba","year":"2009"},{"key":"b2-0300007","series-title":"J Bone Miner Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.2002.17.1.128","article-title":"Large-scale screening for candidate genes of ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament of the spine","volume":"17","author":"Furushima","year":"2002"},{"key":"b3-0300007","series-title":"Spine","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199501150-00014","article-title":"Ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament. Autosomal recessive trait","volume":"20","author":"Hamanishi","year":"1995"},{"key":"b4-0300007","series-title":"Hum Genet","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1007\/s00439-006-0170-9","article-title":"A large-scale genetic association study of ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament of the spine","volume":"119","author":"Horikoshi","year":"2006"},{"issue":"Suppl","key":"b5-0300007","series-title":"Ryumachi","first-page":"157","article-title":"A new breed of mouse showing multiple osteochondral lesions\u2014twy mouse","volume":"21","author":"Hosoda","year":"1981"},{"key":"b6-0300007","series-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.1996.1070","article-title":"Substitution at codon 269 (glutamine \u2192 p roline) o f t he leptin receptor (OB-R) cDNA is the only mutation found in the Zucker fatty (fa\/fa) rat","volume":"224","author":"Iida","year":"1996"},{"key":"b7-0300007","series-title":"Neurosurgery","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1227\/01.NEU.0000215867.87770.73","article-title":"Ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament: an update on its biology, epidemiology, and natural history","volume":"58","author":"Inamasu","year":"2006"},{"key":"b8-0300007","series-title":"Calcif Tissue Int","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1007\/s00223-006-0147-7","article-title":"Pathophysiological role of endothelin in ectopic ossification of human spinal ligaments induced by mechanical stress","volume":"79","author":"Iwasawa","year":"2006"},{"key":"b9-0300007","series-title":"Spine","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1264","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200106010-00017","article-title":"Association between a polymorphism of the transforming growth factor-beta1 gene and genetic susceptibility to ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament in Japanese patients","volume":"26","author":"Kamiya","year":"2001"},{"issue":"3 Suppl","key":"b10-0300007","series-title":"Spine","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S33","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199203001-00007","article-title":"Immunohistochemical demonstration of bone morphogenetic protein-2 and transforming growth factor-beta in the ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament of the cervical spine","volume":"17","author":"Kawaguchi","year":"1992"},{"key":"b11-0300007","series-title":"Spine","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1424","DOI":"10.1097\/01.BRS.0000068245.27017.9F","article-title":"Association between polymorphism of the transforming growth factor-beta1 gene with the radiologic characteristic and ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament","volume":"28","author":"Kawaguchi","year":"2003"},{"key":"b12-0300007","series-title":"Spine","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E553","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e31817e9de2","article-title":"FokI variant of vitamin D receptor gene and factors related to atherosclerosis associated with ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament of the spine: a multi-hospital case-control study","volume":"33","author":"Kobashi","year":"2008"},{"key":"b13-0300007","series-title":"Spine","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1006","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200405010-00011","article-title":"High body mass index after age 20 and diabetes mellitus are independent risk factors for ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament of the spine in Japanese subjects: a case-control study in multiple hospitals","volume":"29","author":"Kobashi","year":"2004"},{"key":"b14-0300007","series-title":"Am J Hum Genet","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1460","DOI":"10.1086\/301868","article-title":"Genetic mapping of ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament of the spine","volume":"62","author":"Koga","year":"1998"},{"key":"b15-0300007","series-title":"Spine","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2834","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e31815b761c","article-title":"COL6A1 polymorphisms associated with ossification of the ligamentum flavum and ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament","volume":"32","author":"Kong","year":"2007"},{"key":"b16-0300007","series-title":"J Bone Miner Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.2002.17.1.138","article-title":"Nucleotide pyrophosphatase gene polymorphism associated with ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament of the spine","volume":"17","author":"Koshizuka","year":"2002"},{"key":"b17-0300007","series-title":"Spine","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2394","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e3181838fe5","article-title":"Insulin potentiates the proliferation and bone morphogenetic protein-2-induced osteogenic differentiation of rat spinal ligament cells via extracellular signal-regulated kinase and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase","volume":"33","author":"Li","year":"2008"},{"key":"b18-0300007","series-title":"J Bone Miner Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"948","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.2001.16.5.948","article-title":"Functional impact of human collagen alpha2(XI) gene polymorphism in pathogenesis of ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament of the spine","volume":"16","author":"Maeda","year":"2001"},{"key":"b19-0300007","series-title":"J Hum Genet","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s100380170117","article-title":"Gender-specific haplotype association of collagen alpha2 (XI) gene in ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament of the spine","volume":"46","author":"Maeda","year":"2001"},{"key":"b20-0300007","series-title":"Spine","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199905150-00002","article-title":"Genetic analysis of ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament","volume":"24","author":"Matsunaga","year":"1999"},{"key":"b21-0300007","series-title":"Hum Genet","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1007\/s004390050993","article-title":"Association of the human NPPS gene with ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament of the spine (OPLL)","volume":"104","author":"Nakamura","year":"1999"},{"key":"b22-0300007","series-title":"J Bone Miner Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.1999.14.4.500","article-title":"Human retinoic X receptor beta: complete genomic sequence and mutation search for ossification of posterior longitudinal ligament of the spine","volume":"14","author":"Numasawa","year":"1999"},{"key":"b23-0300007","series-title":"Spine","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1765","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200208150-00015","article-title":"Association of bone metabolism regulatory factor gene polymorphisms with susceptibility to ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament of the spine and its severity","volume":"27","author":"Ogata","year":"2002"},{"key":"b24-0300007","series-title":"J Orthop Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.1100150606","article-title":"Orthotopic ossification of the spinal ligaments of Zucker fatty rats: a possible animal model for ossification of the human posterior longitudinal ligament","volume":"15","author":"Okano","year":"1997"},{"key":"b25-0300007","series-title":"Mamm Genome","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1007\/s003359900707","article-title":"Mapping of a gene responsible for twy (tip-toe walking Yoshimura), a mouse model of ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament of the spine (OPLL)","volume":"9","author":"Okawa","year":"1998"},{"key":"b26-0300007","series-title":"Nat Genet","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1038\/956","article-title":"Mutation in Npps in a mouse model of ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament of the spine","volume":"19","author":"Okawa","year":"1998"},{"key":"b27-0300007","series-title":"J Orthop Sci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1007\/s007760050169","article-title":"Recent progress in the study of pathogenesis of ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament","volume":"5","author":"Sakou","year":"2000"},{"key":"b28-0300007","series-title":"Spine","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1249","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199111000-00001","article-title":"Genetic study of ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament in the cervical spine with human leukocyte antigen haplotype","volume":"16","author":"Sakou","year":"1991"},{"key":"b29-0300007","series-title":"J Pharmacol Sci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1254\/jphs.FP0071224","article-title":"Possible role of extracellular nucleotides in ectopic ossification of human spinal ligaments","volume":"106","author":"Sawada","year":"2008"},{"key":"b30-0300007","series-title":"J Bone Miner Metab","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1007\/s007740170015","article-title":"Possible involvement of vitamin D receptor gene polymorphism in male patients with ossification of spinal ligaments","volume":"19","author":"Shiigi","year":"2001"},{"key":"b31-0300007","series-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.1999.2027","article-title":"Hyperleptinemia in female patients with ossification of spinal ligaments","volume":"267","author":"Shirakura","year":"2000"},{"key":"b32-0300007","series-title":"Spine","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1097\/01.brs.0000160686.18321.ad","article-title":"The extent of ossification of posterior longitudinal ligament of the spine associated with nucleotide pyrophosphatase gene and leptin receptor gene polymorphisms","volume":"30","author":"Tahara","year":"2005"},{"issue":"3 Suppl","key":"b33-0300007","series-title":"Spine","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S55","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199203001-00012","article-title":"Family study of a twin with ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament in the cervical spine","volume":"17","author":"Taketomi","year":"1992"},{"key":"b34-0300007","series-title":"Surg Neurol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1016\/S0090-3019(02)00927-8","article-title":"Familial ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament (OPLL) in the thoracic spine: case report","volume":"58","author":"Tanabe","year":"2002"},{"key":"b35-0300007","series-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1163","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/40.10.1163","article-title":"Involvement of bone morphogenic protein-2 (BMP-2) in the pathological ossification process of the spinal ligament","volume":"40","author":"Tanaka","year":"2001"},{"key":"b36-0300007","series-title":"Am J Hum Genet","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.1086\/378593","article-title":"Genomewide linkage and linkage disequilibrium analyses identify COL6A1, on chromosome 21, as the locus for ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament of the spine","volume":"73","author":"Tanaka","year":"2003"},{"key":"b37-0300007","series-title":"Bone","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1016\/S8756-3282(03)00204-7","article-title":"Uniaxial cyclic stretch induces osteogenic differentiation and synthesis of bone morphogenetic proteins of spinal ligament cells derived from patients with ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligaments","volume":"33","author":"Tanno","year":"2003"},{"key":"b38-0300007","series-title":"Spine","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1184","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-198911000-00009","article-title":"Genetic studies on ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament of the spine","volume":"14","author":"Terayama","year":"1989"},{"key":"b39-0300007","series-title":"Spine","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2321","DOI":"10.1097\/01.brs.0000182318.47343.6d","article-title":"COL6A1, the candidate gene for ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament, is associated with diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis in Japanese","volume":"30","author":"Tsukahara","year":"2005"},{"key":"b40-0300007","series-title":"Eur Spine J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"956","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-008-0651-8","article-title":"Association of bone morphogenetic protein-2 gene polymorphisms with susceptibility to ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament of the spine and its severity in Chinese patients","volume":"17","author":"Wang","year":"2008"},{"key":"b41-0300007","series-title":"Chin Med J (Engl)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1806","DOI":"10.1097\/00029330-200809020-00010","article-title":"Association between two polymorphisms of the bone morphogenetic protein-2 gene with genetic susceptibility to ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament of the cervical spine and its severity","volume":"121","author":"Wang","year":"2008"},{"key":"b42-0300007","series-title":"Spine","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1852","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200209010-00009","article-title":"Possible roles of CTGF\/Hcs24 in the initiation and development of ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament","volume":"27","author":"Yamamoto","year":"2002"},{"key":"b43-0300007","series-title":"J Bone Miner Metab","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1007\/s007740050098","article-title":"Bone mineral density in patients with ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament in the cervical spine","volume":"17","author":"Yamauchi","year":"1999"},{"key":"b1-0300007","series-title":"Spine","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1644","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e3181aa01fc","article-title":"Evidence of enhanced expression of osteopontin in spinal hyperostosis of the twy mouse","volume":"34","author":"Aiba","year":"2009"},{"key":"b2-0300007","series-title":"J Bone Miner Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.2002.17.1.128","article-title":"Large-scale screening for candidate genes of ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament of the spine","volume":"17","author":"Furushima","year":"2002"},{"key":"b3-0300007","series-title":"Spine","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199501150-00014","article-title":"Ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament. Autosomal recessive trait","volume":"20","author":"Hamanishi","year":"1995"},{"key":"b4-0300007","series-title":"Hum Genet","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1007\/s00439-006-0170-9","article-title":"A large-scale genetic association study of ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament of the spine","volume":"119","author":"Horikoshi","year":"2006"},{"issue":"Suppl","key":"b5-0300007","series-title":"Ryumachi","first-page":"157","article-title":"A new breed of mouse showing multiple osteochondral lesions\u2014twy mouse","volume":"21","author":"Hosoda","year":"1981"},{"key":"b6-0300007","series-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.1996.1070","article-title":"Substitution at codon 269 (glutamine \u2192 p roline) o f t he leptin receptor (OB-R) cDNA is the only mutation found in the Zucker fatty (fa\/fa) rat","volume":"224","author":"Iida","year":"1996"},{"key":"b7-0300007","series-title":"Neurosurgery","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1227\/01.NEU.0000215867.87770.73","article-title":"Ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament: an update on its biology, epidemiology, and natural history","volume":"58","author":"Inamasu","year":"2006"},{"key":"b8-0300007","series-title":"Calcif Tissue Int","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1007\/s00223-006-0147-7","article-title":"Pathophysiological role of endothelin in ectopic ossification of human spinal ligaments induced by mechanical stress","volume":"79","author":"Iwasawa","year":"2006"},{"key":"b9-0300007","series-title":"Spine","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1264","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200106010-00017","article-title":"Association between a polymorphism of the transforming growth factor-beta1 gene and genetic susceptibility to ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament in Japanese patients","volume":"26","author":"Kamiya","year":"2001"},{"issue":"3 Suppl","key":"b10-0300007","series-title":"Spine","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S33","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199203001-00007","article-title":"Immunohistochemical demonstration of bone morphogenetic protein-2 and transforming growth factor-beta in the ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament of the cervical spine","volume":"17","author":"Kawaguchi","year":"1992"},{"key":"b11-0300007","series-title":"Spine","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1424","DOI":"10.1097\/01.BRS.0000068245.27017.9F","article-title":"Association between polymorphism of the transforming growth factor-beta1 gene with the radiologic characteristic and ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament","volume":"28","author":"Kawaguchi","year":"2003"},{"key":"b12-0300007","series-title":"Spine","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E553","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e31817e9de2","article-title":"FokI variant of vitamin D receptor gene and factors related to atherosclerosis associated with ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament of the spine: a multi-hospital case-control study","volume":"33","author":"Kobashi","year":"2008"},{"key":"b13-0300007","series-title":"Spine","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1006","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200405010-00011","article-title":"High body mass index after age 20 and diabetes mellitus are independent risk factors for ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament of the spine in Japanese subjects: a case-control study in multiple hospitals","volume":"29","author":"Kobashi","year":"2004"},{"key":"b14-0300007","series-title":"Am J Hum Genet","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1460","DOI":"10.1086\/301868","article-title":"Genetic mapping of ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament of the spine","volume":"62","author":"Koga","year":"1998"},{"key":"b15-0300007","series-title":"Spine","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2834","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e31815b761c","article-title":"COL6A1 polymorphisms associated with ossification of the ligamentum flavum and ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament","volume":"32","author":"Kong","year":"2007"},{"key":"b16-0300007","series-title":"J Bone Miner Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.2002.17.1.138","article-title":"Nucleotide pyrophosphatase gene polymorphism associated with ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament of the spine","volume":"17","author":"Koshizuka","year":"2002"},{"key":"b17-0300007","series-title":"Spine","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2394","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e3181838fe5","article-title":"Insulin potentiates the proliferation and bone morphogenetic protein-2-induced osteogenic differentiation of rat spinal ligament cells via extracellular signal-regulated kinase and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase","volume":"33","author":"Li","year":"2008"},{"key":"b18-0300007","series-title":"J Bone Miner Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"948","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.2001.16.5.948","article-title":"Functional impact of human collagen alpha2(XI) gene polymorphism in pathogenesis of ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament of the spine","volume":"16","author":"Maeda","year":"2001"},{"key":"b19-0300007","series-title":"J Hum Genet","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s100380170117","article-title":"Gender-specific haplotype association of collagen alpha2 (XI) gene in ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament of the spine","volume":"46","author":"Maeda","year":"2001"},{"key":"b20-0300007","series-title":"Spine","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199905150-00002","article-title":"Genetic analysis of ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament","volume":"24","author":"Matsunaga","year":"1999"},{"key":"b21-0300007","series-title":"Hum Genet","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1007\/s004390050993","article-title":"Association of the human NPPS gene with ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament of the spine (OPLL)","volume":"104","author":"Nakamura","year":"1999"},{"key":"b22-0300007","series-title":"J Bone Miner Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.1999.14.4.500","article-title":"Human retinoic X receptor beta: complete genomic sequence and mutation search for ossification of posterior longitudinal ligament of the spine","volume":"14","author":"Numasawa","year":"1999"},{"key":"b23-0300007","series-title":"Spine","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1765","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200208150-00015","article-title":"Association of bone metabolism regulatory factor gene polymorphisms with susceptibility to ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament of the spine and its severity","volume":"27","author":"Ogata","year":"2002"},{"key":"b24-0300007","series-title":"J Orthop Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.1100150606","article-title":"Orthotopic ossification of the spinal ligaments of Zucker fatty rats: a possible animal model for ossification of the human posterior longitudinal ligament","volume":"15","author":"Okano","year":"1997"},{"key":"b25-0300007","series-title":"Mamm Genome","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1007\/s003359900707","article-title":"Mapping of a gene responsible for twy (tip-toe walking Yoshimura), a mouse model of ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament of the spine (OPLL)","volume":"9","author":"Okawa","year":"1998"},{"key":"b26-0300007","series-title":"Nat Genet","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1038\/956","article-title":"Mutation in Npps in a mouse model of ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament of the spine","volume":"19","author":"Okawa","year":"1998"},{"key":"b27-0300007","series-title":"J Orthop Sci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1007\/s007760050169","article-title":"Recent progress in the study of pathogenesis of ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament","volume":"5","author":"Sakou","year":"2000"},{"key":"b28-0300007","series-title":"Spine","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1249","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199111000-00001","article-title":"Genetic study of ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament in the cervical spine with human leukocyte antigen haplotype","volume":"16","author":"Sakou","year":"1991"},{"key":"b29-0300007","series-title":"J Pharmacol Sci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1254\/jphs.FP0071224","article-title":"Possible role of extracellular nucleotides in ectopic ossification of human spinal ligaments","volume":"106","author":"Sawada","year":"2008"},{"key":"b30-0300007","series-title":"J Bone Miner Metab","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1007\/s007740170015","article-title":"Possible involvement of vitamin D receptor gene polymorphism in male patients with ossification of spinal ligaments","volume":"19","author":"Shiigi","year":"2001"},{"key":"b31-0300007","series-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.1999.2027","article-title":"Hyperleptinemia in female patients with ossification of spinal ligaments","volume":"267","author":"Shirakura","year":"2000"},{"key":"b32-0300007","series-title":"Spine","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1097\/01.brs.0000160686.18321.ad","article-title":"The extent of ossification of posterior longitudinal ligament of the spine associated with nucleotide pyrophosphatase gene and leptin receptor gene polymorphisms","volume":"30","author":"Tahara","year":"2005"},{"issue":"3 Suppl","key":"b33-0300007","series-title":"Spine","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S55","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199203001-00012","article-title":"Family study of a twin with ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament in the cervical spine","volume":"17","author":"Taketomi","year":"1992"},{"key":"b34-0300007","series-title":"Surg Neurol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1016\/S0090-3019(02)00927-8","article-title":"Familial ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament (OPLL) in the thoracic spine: case report","volume":"58","author":"Tanabe","year":"2002"},{"key":"b35-0300007","series-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1163","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/40.10.1163","article-title":"Involvement of bone morphogenic protein-2 (BMP-2) in the pathological ossification process of the spinal ligament","volume":"40","author":"Tanaka","year":"2001"},{"key":"b36-0300007","series-title":"Am J Hum Genet","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.1086\/378593","article-title":"Genomewide linkage and linkage disequilibrium analyses identify COL6A1, on chromosome 21, as the locus for ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament of the spine","volume":"73","author":"Tanaka","year":"2003"},{"key":"b37-0300007","series-title":"Bone","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1016\/S8756-3282(03)00204-7","article-title":"Uniaxial cyclic stretch induces osteogenic differentiation and synthesis of bone morphogenetic proteins of spinal ligament cells derived from patients with ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligaments","volume":"33","author":"Tanno","year":"2003"},{"key":"b38-0300007","series-title":"Spine","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1184","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-198911000-00009","article-title":"Genetic studies on ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament of the spine","volume":"14","author":"Terayama","year":"1989"},{"key":"b39-0300007","series-title":"Spine","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2321","DOI":"10.1097\/01.brs.0000182318.47343.6d","article-title":"COL6A1, the candidate gene for ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament, is associated with diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis in Japanese","volume":"30","author":"Tsukahara","year":"2005"},{"key":"b40-0300007","series-title":"Eur Spine J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"956","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-008-0651-8","article-title":"Association of bone morphogenetic protein-2 gene polymorphisms with susceptibility to ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament of the spine and its severity in Chinese patients","volume":"17","author":"Wang","year":"2008"},{"key":"b41-0300007","series-title":"Chin Med J (Engl)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1806","DOI":"10.1097\/00029330-200809020-00010","article-title":"Association between two polymorphisms of the bone morphogenetic protein-2 gene with genetic susceptibility to ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament of the cervical spine and its severity","volume":"121","author":"Wang","year":"2008"},{"key":"b42-0300007","series-title":"Spine","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1852","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200209010-00009","article-title":"Possible roles of CTGF\/Hcs24 in the initiation and development of ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament","volume":"27","author":"Yamamoto","year":"2002"},{"key":"b43-0300007","series-title":"J Bone Miner Metab","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1007\/s007740050098","article-title":"Bone mineral density in patients with ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament in the cervical spine","volume":"17","author":"Yamauchi","year":"1999"}],"container-title":["Neurosurgical Focus"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/view\/journals\/neurosurg-focus\/30\/3\/2010.12.focus10275.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/neurosurg-focus\/30\/3\/2010.12.focus10275.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/neurosurg-focus\/30\/3\/2010.12.focus10275.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,30]],"date-time":"2026-05-30T08:47:44Z","timestamp":1780130864000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/view\/journals\/neurosurg-focus\/30\/3\/2010.12.focus10275.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,3]]},"references-count":86,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/2010.12.focus10275","relation":{},"ISSN":["1092-0684"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1092-0684","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,3]]}}}