{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,6]],"date-time":"2026-02-06T03:10:56Z","timestamp":1770347456261,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JNS"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Object<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Hearing levels following microsurgical treatment gradually deteriorate in a number of patients treated for vestibular schwannoma (VS), especially in the subacute postoperative stage. The cause of this late-onset deterioration of hearing is not completely understood. The aim of this study was to investigate the possibility that reactive gliosis is a contributory factor.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Mechanical damage to nerve tissue is a feature of complex surgical procedures. To explore this aspect of VS treatment, the authors compressed rat auditory nerves with 2 different degrees of injury while monitoring the compound action potentials of the auditory nerve and the auditory brainstem responses. In this experimental model, the axons of the auditory nerve were quantitatively and highly selectively damaged in the cerebellopontine angle without permanent compromise of the blood supply to the cochlea. The temporal bones were processed for immunohistochemical analysis at 1 week and at 8 weeks after compression.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Reactive gliosis was induced not only in the auditory nerve but also in the cochlear nucleus following mechanical trauma in which the general shape of the auditory brainstem response was maintained. There was a substantial outgrowth of astrocytic processes from the transitional zone into the peripheral portion of the auditory nerve, leading to an invasion of dense gliotic tissue in the auditory nerve. The elongated astrocytic processes ran in parallel with the residual auditory neurons and entered much further into the cochlea. Confocal images disclosed fragments of neurons scattered in the gliotic tissue. In the cochlear nucleus, hypertrophic astrocytic processes were abundant around the soma of the neurons. The transverse diameter of the auditory nerve at and proximal to the compression site was considerably reduced, indicating atrophy, especially in rats in which the auditory nerve was profoundly compressed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The authors found for the first time that mechanical stress to the auditory nerve causes substantial reactive gliosis in both the peripheral and central auditory pathways within 1\u20138 weeks. Progressive reactive gliosis following surgical stress may cause dysfunction in the auditory pathways and may be a primary cause of progressive hearing loss following microsurgical treatment for VS.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3171\/2010.2.jns091817","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,4,2]],"date-time":"2010-04-02T11:51:44Z","timestamp":1270209104000},"page":"414-425","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Mechanical stress-induced reactive gliosis in the auditory nerve and cochlear nucleus"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"114","author":[{"given":"Tetsuji","family":"Sekiya","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Masahiro","family":"Matsumoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan;"},{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of T\u00fcbingen, Germany;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ken","family":"Kojima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kazuya","family":"Ono","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yayoi S.","family":"Kikkawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shinpei","family":"Kada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hideaki","family":"Ogita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rie T.","family":"Horie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Arpad","family":"Viola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, St. John's Hospital, Budapest, Hungary; and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Matthew C.","family":"Holley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Science, The University of Sheffield, England"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Juichi","family":"Ito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"key":"b1-jns091817","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"728","article-title":"Microsurgical anatomy of the cochlear nuclei","volume":"58","author":"Abe","year":"2006"},{"key":"b2-jns091817","series-title":"Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol","first-page":"472","article-title":"Reversibility of compound action potential during the acute phase after transitory local ischemia","volume":"105","author":"Asai","year":"1996"},{"key":"b3-jns091817","series-title":"Otol Neurotol","first-page":"696","article-title":"Elevation of internal auditory canal pressure by vestibular schwannomas","volume":"22","author":"Badie","year":"2001"},{"key":"b4-jns091817","series-title":"Glia","first-page":"145","article-title":"Astrocytes and microglial cells incorporate degenerating fibers following entorhinal lesion: a light, confocal, and electron microscopical study using a phagocytosis-dependent labeling technique","volume":"20","author":"Bechmann","year":"1997"},{"key":"b5-jns091817","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"6","article-title":"Long-term hearing preservation after surgery for vestibular schwannoma","volume":"102","author":"Betchen","year":"2005"},{"key":"b6-jns091817","series-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A","first-page":"3581","article-title":"Origin and progeny of reactive gliosis: A source of multipotent cells in the injured brain","volume":"105","author":"Buffo","year":"2008"},{"issue":"5","key":"b7-jns091817","series-title":"Neurosurg Focus","first-page":"E1","article-title":"Pathophysiology of peripheral nerve injury: a brief review","volume":"16","author":"Burnett","year":"2004"},{"key":"b8-jns091817","series-title":"Neuroscience","first-page":"853","article-title":"The differential response of astrocytes within the vestibular and cochlear nuclei following unilateral labyrinthectomy or vestibular afferent activity blockade by transtympanic tetrodotoxin injection in the rat","volume":"130","author":"Campos-Torres","year":"2005"},{"key":"b9-jns091817","series-title":"Otol Neurotol","first-page":"672","article-title":"Acoustic neuroma surgery: the results of long-term hearing preservation","volume":"24","author":"Chee","year":"2003"},{"key":"b10-jns091817","series-title":"Neuroscience","first-page":"425","article-title":"Response of striatal astrocytes to neuronal deafferentation: an immunocytochemical and ultrastructural study","volume":"62","author":"Cheng","year":"1994"},{"key":"b11-jns091817","series-title":"Evoked Potentials in Clinical Medicine","first-page":"173","article-title":"Brain stem auditory evoked potentials: methodology","author":"Chiappa","year":"1990"},{"key":"b12-jns091817","series-title":"Eur J Neurosci","first-page":"2006","article-title":"Evidence for reactive astrocytes in rat vestibular and cochlear nuclei following unilateral inner ear lesion","volume":"8","author":"de Waele","year":"1996"},{"key":"b13-jns091817","series-title":"Neurochem Res","first-page":"1439","article-title":"Glial fibrillary acidic protein: GFAP-thirty-one years (1969\u20132000)","volume":"25","author":"Eng","year":"2000"},{"key":"b14-jns091817","series-title":"Exp Brain Res","first-page":"19","article-title":"A quantitative analysis of the microglial cell reaction in central primary sensory projection territories following peripheral nerve injury in the adult rat","volume":"96","author":"Eriksson","year":"1993"},{"key":"b15-jns091817","series-title":"J Anat","first-page":"109","article-title":"The development of the central-peripheral transitional zone of the rat cochlear nerve. 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