{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,15]],"date-time":"2026-03-15T18:45:58Z","timestamp":1773600358531,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JNS"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Object<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The etiology of intraneural ganglia has been debated for centuries, and only recently a unifying theory has been proposed. The incidence of tibial nerve intraneural ganglia is restricted to the occasional case report, and there are no reported cases of these lesions in children. While evidence of the unifying theory for intraneural ganglia of the common peroneal nerve is strong, there are only a few reports describing the application of the theory in the tibial nerve. In this report the authors examine tibial nerve intraneural ganglia at the ankle and knee in an adult and a child, respectively, and describe the clinical utility of incorporating the unifying (articular) theory in the management of tibial intraneural ganglia in adults and children.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Cases of tibial intraneural ganglion cysts were examined clinically, radiologically, operatively, and histologically to demonstrate the application of the unified (articular) theory for the development of these cysts in adults and children.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Two patients with intraneural ganglion cysts of the tibial nerve were identified: an adult with an intraneural ganglion cyst of the tibial nerve at the tarsal tunnel and a child with an intraneural ganglion cyst of the tibial nerve at the knee. In each case, preoperative MR imaging demonstrated the intraneural cyst and its connection to the adjacent joint via the articular branch to the subtalar joint and superior tibiofibular joint. At surgery the articular branch was identified and resected, thus disconnecting the tibial nerve intraneural cyst from the joint of origin.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>These cases detail the important features of intraneural ganglion cysts of the tibial nerve and document the clinical utility of incorporating the unifying (articular) theory for the surgical management of tibial intraneural ganglia in adults and children.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3171\/2010.3.jns10427","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,4,23]],"date-time":"2010-04-23T14:19:33Z","timestamp":1272032373000},"page":"236-239","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Tibial intraneural ganglia at the ankle and knee: incorporating the unified (articular) theory in adults and children"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"114","author":[{"given":"Gavin A.","family":"Davis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurosurgery and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ian H.","family":"Cox","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radiology, Cabrini Hospital, Malvern, Victoria, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"b1-jns10427","series-title":"Neurosurg Focus","first-page":"E11","article-title":"Intraneural ganglia: a clinical problem deserving a mechanistic explanation and model","volume":"26","author":"Elangovan","year":"2009"},{"issue":"6","key":"b2-jns10427","series-title":"Neurosurg Focus","first-page":"E17","article-title":"Peroneal and tibial intraneural ganglia: correlation between intraepineurial compartments observed on magnetic resonance images and the potential importance of these compartments","volume":"22","author":"Spinner","year":"2007"},{"key":"b3-jns10427","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"551","article-title":"Suprascapular intraneural ganglia and glenohumeral joint connections","volume":"104","author":"Spinner","year":"2006"},{"key":"b4-jns10427","series-title":"Skeletal Radiol","first-page":"172","article-title":"The use of MR arthrography to document an occult joint communication in a recurrent peroneal intraneural ganglion","volume":"35","author":"Spinner","year":"2006"},{"key":"b5-jns10427","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"296","article-title":"Dynamic phases of peroneal and tibial intraneural ganglia formation: a new dimension added to the unifying articular theory","volume":"107","author":"Spinner","year":"2007"},{"key":"b6-jns10427","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"319","article-title":"Peroneal intraneural ganglia: the importance of the articular branch. Clinical series","volume":"99","author":"Spinner","year":"2003"},{"key":"b7-jns10427","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"330","article-title":"Peroneal intraneural ganglia: the importance of the articular branch. A unifying theory","volume":"99","author":"Spinner","year":"2003"},{"key":"b8-jns10427","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"990","article-title":"Intraneural ganglion cyst","volume":"104","author":"Spinner","year":"2006"},{"key":"b9-jns10427","series-title":"J Foot Ankle Surg","first-page":"27","article-title":"Tibial intraneural ganglia in the tarsal tunnel: is there a joint connection?","volume":"46","author":"Spinner","year":"2007"},{"issue":"6","key":"b10-jns10427","series-title":"Neurosurg Focus","first-page":"E16","article-title":"Peroneal intraneural ganglia. Part I. Techniques for successful diagnosis and treatment","volume":"22","author":"Spinner","year":"2007"},{"issue":"6","key":"b11-jns10427","series-title":"Neurosurg Focus","first-page":"E27","article-title":"Peroneal intraneural ganglia. Part II. Lessons learned and pitfalls to avoid for successful diagnosis and treatment","volume":"22","author":"Spinner","year":"2007"},{"key":"b12-jns10427","series-title":"Skeletal Radiol","first-page":"691","article-title":"Clock face model applied to tibial intraneural ganglia in the popliteal fossa","volume":"38","author":"Spinner","year":"2009"},{"key":"b13-jns10427","series-title":"Skeletal Radiol","first-page":"281","article-title":"The clinico-anatomic explanation for tibial intraneural ganglion cysts arising from the superior tibiofibular joint","volume":"36","author":"Spinner","year":"2007"},{"key":"b14-jns10427","series-title":"Clin Anat","first-page":"611","article-title":"Intraneural ganglion cyst: a 200-year-old mystery solved","volume":"21","author":"Spinner","year":"2008"},{"issue":"2","key":"b15-jns10427","series-title":"Neurosurg Focus","first-page":"E10","article-title":"Adherence of intraneural ganglia of the upper extremity to the principles of the unifying articular (synovial) theory","volume":"26","author":"Wang","year":"2009"},{"key":"b16-jns10427","series-title":"Neurology","first-page":"447","article-title":"Clinical and electrodiagnostic correlates of peroneal intraneural ganglia","volume":"72","author":"Young","year":"2009"}],"container-title":["Journal of Neurosurgery"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/view\/journals\/j-neurosurg\/114\/1\/article-p236.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/j-neurosurg\/114\/1\/article-p236.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/j-neurosurg\/114\/1\/article-p236.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,27]],"date-time":"2023-03-27T06:07:21Z","timestamp":1679897241000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/view\/journals\/j-neurosurg\/114\/1\/article-p236.xml"}},"subtitle":["Report of 2 cases"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,1]]},"references-count":16,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/2010.3.jns10427","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-3085","1933-0693"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-3085","type":"print"},{"value":"1933-0693","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,1]]}}}