{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T16:18:41Z","timestamp":1784823521343,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PED"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Object<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) therapy on quality-of-life (QOL) variables among patients with both autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and persistent or recurrent intractable epilepsy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Data were obtained from the VNS therapy patient outcome registry, which was established after US FDA approval of the VNS device in 1997 as a means of capturing open-label clinical data outside of protocol. The integrity of the systems for collecting and processing registry data was authenticated by an independent auditing agency. The effect of potential selection bias, however, remains uncertain.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Two cohorts were compared: 1) patients with epilepsy but without ASD (non-ASD [NASD] Group, 315 patients) who were being tracked in the registry (this cohort, which was controlled for age, included patients 20 years of age or younger); and 2) patients with a diagnosis of ASD who underwent implantation of the VNS device (ASD Group, 77 patients). Differences between the ASD and NASD groups were noted in the following categories: sex (male preponderance in ASD); normal imaging results (MR imaging results normal in ASD); depression (less common in ASD); behavioral problems (more common in ASD); neurological deficit (more common in ASD); mental retardation (more common in ASD); and developmental delay. The only QOL difference between the ASD and NASD groups was noted in mood at 12 months postimplant (mood was improved in ASD) (p = 0.04). There were no other differences in the QOL variables.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Patients with ASD and intractable epilepsy respond as favorably as all other patients receiving VNS therapy. In addition, they may experience a number of QOL improvements, some of which exceed those classically observed following placement of a VNS device.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3171\/2010.3.peds09153","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,6,1]],"date-time":"2010-06-01T13:59:20Z","timestamp":1275400760000},"page":"595-602","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":51,"title":["Vagus nerve stimulation therapy in patients with autism spectrum disorder and intractable epilepsy: results from the vagus nerve stimulation therapy patient outcome registry"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Michael L.","family":"Levy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Children's Hospital of San Diego, University of California, San Diego; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karen M.","family":"Levy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Children's Hospital of San Diego, University of California, San Diego; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dayna","family":"Hoff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Children's Hospital of San Diego, University of California, San Diego; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arun Paul","family":"Amar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Min S.","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Children's Hospital of San Diego, University of California, San Diego; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jordan M.","family":"Conklin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Children's Hospital of San Diego, University of California, San Diego; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lissa","family":"Baird","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Children's Hospital of San Diego, University of California, San Diego; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael L. J.","family":"Apuzzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"b1-0050595","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"506","article-title":"Vagus nerve stimulation therapy after failed cranial surgery for intractable epilepsy: results from the vagus nerve stimulation therapy patient outcome registry","volume":"62","author":"Amar","year":"2008"},{"key":"b2-0050595","series-title":"Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.2176\/nmc.39.489","article-title":"Experience with vagus nerve stimulation for intractable epilepsy: some questions and answers","volume":"39","author":"Amar","year":"1999"},{"key":"b3-0050595","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"1265","article-title":"An institutional experience with cervical vagus nerve trunk stimulation for medically refractory epilepsy: rationale, technique, and outcome","volume":"43","author":"Amar","year":"1998"},{"key":"b4-0050595","series-title":"Pediatr Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1159\/000056023","article-title":"Vagus nerve stimulation for control of intractable seizures in childhood","volume":"34","author":"Amar","year":"2001"},{"key":"b5-0050595","series-title":"Epilepsia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"918","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2005.57504.x","article-title":"Epilepsy in young adults with autism: a prospective population-based follow-up study of 120 individuals diagnosed in childhood","volume":"46","author":"Danielsson","year":"2005"},{"key":"b6-0050595","series-title":"Epilepsy Behav","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2007.10.007","article-title":"Lack of effects of vagus nerve stimulation on drug-resistant epilepsy in eight pediatric patients with autism spectrum disorders: a prospective 2-year follow-up study","volume":"12","author":"Danielsson","year":"2008"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"b7-0050595","series-title":"Epilepsia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2006.00697.x","article-title":"Autistic spectrum disorder: evaluating a possible contributing or causal role of epilepsy","volume":"47","author":"Deonna","year":"2006"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"b8-0050595","series-title":"Can J Neurol Sci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S116","DOI":"10.1017\/S0317167100000779","article-title":"Psychological adjustment to success and to failure following epilepsy surgery","volume":"27","author":"Derry","year":"2000"},{"key":"b9-0050595","series-title":"Neurology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.53.4.666","article-title":"Reassessment: vagus nerve stimulation for epilepsy: a report of the Therapeutics and Technology Assessment Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology","volume":"53","author":"Fisher","year":"1999"},{"key":"b10-0050595","series-title":"Epilepsia","first-page":"1148","article-title":"Vagus nerve stimulation in children with refractory seizures associated with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome","volume":"42","author":"Frost","year":"2001"},{"key":"b11-0050595","series-title":"J Child Neurol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1177\/08830738010160111101","article-title":"Vagus nerve stimulation therapy in pediatric patients with refractory epilepsy: retrospective study","volume":"16","author":"Helmers","year":"2001"},{"key":"b12-0050595","series-title":"Acta Neurol Scand","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0404.1998.tb07370.x","article-title":"Postoperative multichannel magnetoencephalography in patients with recurrent seizures after epilepsy surgery","volume":"98","author":"Kirchberger","year":"1998"},{"key":"b13-0050595","series-title":"Neurosurgery","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1097\/00006123-199608000-00061","article-title":"Vagus nerve stimulation activates central nervous system structures in epileptic patients during PET H2(15)O blood flow imaging","volume":"39","author":"Ko","year":"1996"},{"key":"b14-0050595","series-title":"How to Report Statistics in Medicine: Annotated Guidelines for Authors, Editors, and Reviewers","author":"Lang","year":"1997"},{"issue":"Suppl 9","key":"b15-0050595","series-title":"Epilepsia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2007.01399.x","article-title":"The autism-epilepsy connection","volume":"48","author":"Levisohn","year":"2007"},{"key":"b16-0050595","series-title":"Neurology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1731","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.53.8.1731","article-title":"Long-term treatment with vagus nerve stimulation in patients with refractory epilepsy. The Vagus Nerve Stimulation Study Group E01\u201305","volume":"53","author":"Morris","year":"1999"},{"key":"b17-0050595","series-title":"Adv Neurol","first-page":"605","article-title":"Analysis of failures and reoperations in resective epilepsy surgery","volume":"84","author":"Munari","year":"2000"},{"key":"b18-0050595","series-title":"Pediatr Neurol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/S0887-8994(00)00170-3","article-title":"Left vagal nerve stimulation in six patients with hypothalamic hamartomas","volume":"23","author":"Murphy","year":"2000"},{"key":"b19-0050595","series-title":"What are the autism spectrum disorders?","author":"National Institute of Mental Health"},{"key":"b20-0050595","series-title":"Epilepsy Behav","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1016\/S1525-5050(03)00080-5","article-title":"The effects of vagus nerve stimulation therapy on patients with intractable seizures and either Landau-Kleffner syndrome or autism","volume":"4","author":"Park","year":"2003"},{"key":"b21-0050595","series-title":"J Child Neurol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1102","DOI":"10.1177\/0883073807306251","article-title":"Autism spectrum disorders in children with a history of infantile spasms: a population-based study","volume":"22","author":"Saemundsen","year":"2007"},{"key":"b22-0050595","series-title":"Epilepsia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1157.1998.tb01151.x","article-title":"Vagus nerve stimulation","volume":"39","author":"Schachter","year":"1998"},{"key":"b23-0050595","series-title":"Epilepsia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1157.1996.tb00032.x","article-title":"Long-term outcome after epilepsy surgery","volume":"37","author":"Spencer","year":"1996"},{"key":"b24-0050595","series-title":"Epilepsy Behav","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2007.01.001","article-title":"Effects of vagus nerve stimulation in a patient with temporal lobe epilepsy and Asperger syndrome: case report and review of the literature","volume":"10","author":"Warwick","year":"2007"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"b25-0050595","series-title":"Can J Neurol Sci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S111","DOI":"10.1017\/S0317167100000767","article-title":"Measuring quality of life in epilepsy surgery patients","volume":"27","author":"Wiebe","year":"2000"}],"container-title":["Journal of Neurosurgery: Pediatrics"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/view\/journals\/j-neurosurg-pediatr\/5\/6\/article-p595.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/j-neurosurg-pediatr\/5\/6\/article-p595.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/j-neurosurg-pediatr\/5\/6\/article-p595.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,15]],"date-time":"2023-04-15T12:37:31Z","timestamp":1681562251000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/view\/journals\/j-neurosurg-pediatr\/5\/6\/article-p595.xml"}},"subtitle":["Clinical article"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,6]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/2010.3.peds09153","relation":{},"ISSN":["1933-0707","1933-0715"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1933-0707","type":"print"},{"value":"1933-0715","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,6]]}}}