{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T16:18:50Z","timestamp":1791044330261,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":222,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["FOC"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is the most rapidly expanding field in neurosurgery. Movement disorders are well-established indications for DBS, and a number of other neurological and psychiatric indications are currently being investigated.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Numerous contemporary opinions, reviews, and viewpoints on DBS fail to provide a comprehensive account of how this method came into being. Misconceptions in the narrative history of DBS conveyed by the wealth of literature published over the last 2 decades can be summarized as follows: Deep brain stimulation was invented in 1987. The utility of high-frequency stimulation was also discovered in 1987. Lesional surgery preceded DBS. Deep brain stimulation was first used in the treatment of movement disorders and was subsequently used in the treatment of psychiatric and behavioral disorders. Reports of nonmotor effects of subthalamic nucleus DBS prompted its use in psychiatric illness. Early surgical interventions for psychiatric illness failed to adopt a multidisciplinary approach; neurosurgeons often worked \u201cin isolation\u201d from other medical specialists. The involvement of neuro-ethicists and multidisciplinary teams are novel standards introduced in the modern practice of DBS for mental illness that are essential in avoiding the unethical behavior of bygone eras.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>In this paper, the authors examined each of these messages in the light of literature published since 1947 and formed the following conclusions. Chronic stimulation of subcortical structures was first used in the early 1950s, very soon after the introduction of human stereotaxy. Studies and debate on the stimulation frequency most likely to achieve desirable results and avoid side effects date back to the early days of DBS; several authors advocated the use of \u201chigh\u201d frequency, although the exact frequency was not always specified. Ablative surgery and electrical stimulation developed in parallel, practically since the introduction of human stereotactic surgery. The first applications of both ablative surgery and chronic subcortical stimulation were in psychiatry, not in movement disorders. The renaissance of DBS in surgical treatment of psychiatric illness in 1999 had little to do with nonmotor effects of subthalamic nucleus DBS but involved high-frequency stimulation of the very same brain targets previously used in ablative surgery. Pioneers in functional neurosurgery mostly worked in multidisciplinary groups, including when treating psychiatric illness; those \u201cacting in isolation\u201d were not neurosurgeons. Ethical concerns have indeed been addressed in the past, by neurosurgeons and others. Some of the questionable behavior in surgery for psychiatric illness, including the bygone era of DBS, was at the hands of nonneurosurgeons. These practices have been deemed as \u201cdubious and precarious by yesterday's standards.\u201d<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3171\/2010.4.focus10106","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,7,30]],"date-time":"2010-07-30T09:36:14Z","timestamp":1280482574000},"page":"E1","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":191,"title":["Deep brain stimulation between 1947 and 1987: the untold story"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Marwan I.","family":"Hariz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Functional Neurosurgery, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, United Kingdom; and"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital of Northern Sweden, Ume\u00e5, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patric","family":"Blomstedt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital of Northern Sweden, Ume\u00e5, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ludvic","family":"Zrinzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Functional Neurosurgery, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, United Kingdom; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"key":"b1-0290001","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1974.41.6.0740","article-title":"Stimulation of internal capsule for relief of chronic pain","volume":"41","author":"Adams","year":"1974"},{"key":"b2-0290001","series-title":"Ann Chir","first-page":"1185","article-title":"[Characteristic electric activities of some cerebral structures in man.]","volume":"17","author":"Albe-Fessard","year":"1963"},{"key":"b3-0290001","series-title":"Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-4694(61)90076-1","article-title":"Threshold stimulation of the lateral thalamus and globus pallidus in the waking human","volume":"13","author":"Alberts","year":"1961"},{"key":"b4-0290001","series-title":"Appl Neurophysiol","first-page":"107","article-title":"Thalamic stimulation for control of movement disorders","volume":"46","author":"Andy","year":"1983"},{"key":"b5-0290001","series-title":"Harv Ment Health Lett","first-page":"4","article-title":"Treating obsessive-compulsive disorder. 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