{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T14:14:33Z","timestamp":1785248073227,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":122,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["FOC"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Object<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The wide application of deep brain stimulation in the management of movement as well as other degenerative neurological and psychiatric disorders has renewed the interest in using deep brain stimulation in the management of medically intractable epilepsy. Various stimulation targets have been used with significantly varying results in aborting seizure activity. Electrical cerebellar stimulation (CS) has been used for more than 50 years in the management of epilepsy, with conflicting results. In the current study, the authors review the pertinent literature to outline the role of CS in the management of medically refractory epilepsy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The PubMed medical database was systematically searched for the following terms: \u201ccerebellar,\u201d \u201cepilepsy,\u201d \u201cstimulation,\u201d and \u201ctreatment,\u201d and all their combinations. Case reports were excluded from this study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The pertinent articles were categorized into 2 large groups: animal experimental and human clinical studies. Particular emphasis on the following aspects was given when reviewing the human clinical studies: their methodological characteristics, the number of participants, their seizure types, the implantation technique and its associated complications, the exact stimulation target, the stimulation technique, the seizure outcome, and the patients' psychological and social poststimulation status. Three clinical double-blind studies were found, with similar implantation surgical technique, stimulation target, and stimulation parameters, but quite contradictory results. Two of these studies failed to demonstrate any significant seizure reduction, whereas the third one showed a significant poststimulation decrease in seizure frequency. All possible factors responsible for these differences in the findings are analyzed in the present study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cerebellar stimulation seems to remain a stimulation target worth exploring for defining its potential in the treatment of medically intractable epilepsy, although the data from the double-blind clinical studies that were performed failed to establish a clear benefit in regard to seizure frequency. A large-scale, double-blind clinical study is required for accurately defining the efficacy of CS in epilepsy treatment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3171\/2010.5.focus10111","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,7,30]],"date-time":"2010-07-30T09:36:14Z","timestamp":1280482574000},"page":"E8","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":52,"title":["Cerebellar stimulation in the management of medically intractable epilepsy: a systematic and critical review"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Kostas N.","family":"Fountas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurosurgery,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eftychia","family":"Kapsalaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diagnostic Radiology, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Georgios","family":"Hadjigeorgiou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology, University Hospital of Larissa, School of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"key":"b1-0290008","series-title":"Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-4694(74)90151-5","article-title":"Fastigiobulbar and dentatothalamic influences on hippocampal cobalt epilepsy in the cat","volume":"36","author":"Babb","year":"1974"},{"key":"b2-0290008","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1978.48.1.0069","article-title":"Effects of stimulating the cerebellar surface on the activity in penicillin foci","volume":"48","author":"Bantli","year":"1978"},{"key":"b3-0290008","series-title":"Deep Brain Stimulation and Epilepsy","first-page":"335","article-title":"Subthalamic nucleus and substantia nigra pars reticulata stimulation: the Grenoble experience","author":"Benabid","year":"2004"},{"key":"b4-0290008","series-title":"Neurol Neurochir Pol","first-page":"605","article-title":"[Effects of cerebellar cortex electrostimulation on the frequency of seizures in drug-resistance epilepsy.]","volume":"15","author":"Bidzinki","year":"1981"},{"key":"b5-0290008","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1977.47.3.0366","article-title":"Tissue reactions to long-term electrical stimulation of the cerebellum in monkeys","volume":"47","author":"Brown","year":"1977"},{"key":"b6-0290008","series-title":"Boston Med Surg J","first-page":"55","article-title":"Researches on epilepsy: its artificial production in animals, and its etiology, nature and treatment in man","author":"Brown-S\u00e9quard","year":"1856\u20131857"},{"key":"b7-0290008","series-title":"Clin Neurol Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clineuro.2004.01.009","article-title":"Electrophysiological effects and clinical results of direct brain stimulation for intractable epilepsy","volume":"106","author":"Chkhenkeli","year":"2004"},{"key":"b8-0290008","series-title":"Epilepsia","first-page":"19","article-title":"Some cerebellar influences on electrically-induced cerebral seizures","volume":"4","author":"Cooke","year":"1955"},{"key":"b9-0290008","series-title":"Trans Am Neurol Assoc","first-page":"192","article-title":"The effect of chronic cerebellar stimulation upon epilepsy in man","volume":"98","author":"Cooper","year":"1973"},{"key":"b10-0290008","series-title":"Arch Neurol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1976.00500080037006","article-title":"Chronic cerebellar stimulation in epilepsy. 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