{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,30]],"date-time":"2026-05-30T09:04:42Z","timestamp":1780131882994,"version":"3.54.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["FOC"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The authors report the case of DYT1-positive primary generalized dystonia refractory to medical management that was successfully treated with continuous deep brain stimulation of the internal segment of the globus pallidus. Prior studies have shown that neuromusculoskeletal deficits can remain permanent if early surgical intervention is not undertaken. The authors report prolonged efficacy and safety over a 10-year period in a 28-year-old man.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3171\/2010.6.focus10112","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,7,30]],"date-time":"2010-07-30T09:36:14Z","timestamp":1280482574000},"page":"E16","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Stimulation of the globus pallidus internus in a patient with DYT1-positive primary generalized dystonia: a 10-year follow-up"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Dunbar","family":"Alcindor","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurosurgery and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael Y.","family":"Oh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurosurgery and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan","family":"Baser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology, Allegheny General Hospital, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cindy","family":"Angle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurosurgery and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Boyle C.","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurosurgery and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Donald","family":"Whiting","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurosurgery and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"key":"b1-0290016","series-title":"Expert Rev Neurother","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1586\/14737175.6.6.863","article-title":"Treatment of dystonia","volume":"6","author":"Bhidayasiri","year":"2006"},{"key":"b2-0290016","series-title":"Neuropediatrics","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0028-1112117","article-title":"Return to participation-significant improvement after bilateral pallidal stimulation in rapidly progressive DYT-1 dystonia","volume":"39","author":"Borggraefe","year":"2008"},{"key":"b3-0290016","series-title":"Clin Neurol Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clineuro.2007.10.003","article-title":"Pallidal surgery for the treatment of primary generalized dystonia: long-term follow-up","volume":"110","author":"Cersosimo","year":"2008"},{"key":"b4-0290016","series-title":"J Neurosurg Sci","first-page":"52","article-title":"Treatment of dystonic syndromes by chronic electrical stimulation of the internal globus pallidus","volume":"47","author":"Cif","year":"2003"},{"key":"b5-0290016","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.2004.101.2.0189","article-title":"Electrical stimulation of the globus pallidus internus in patients with primary generalized dystonia: long-term results","volume":"101","author":"Coubes","year":"2004"},{"key":"b6-0290016","series-title":"Adv Neurol","first-page":"1","article-title":"Concept and classification of dystonia","volume":"50","author":"Fahn","year":"1988"},{"key":"b7-0290016","series-title":"Adv Neurol","first-page":"1","article-title":"Classification of dystonia","volume":"78","author":"Fahn","year":"1998"},{"key":"b8-0290016","series-title":"Mov Disord","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1785","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.21021","article-title":"Impact of bilateral pallidal stimulation on DYT1-generalized dystonia in Japanese patients","volume":"21","author":"Goto","year":"2006"},{"key":"b9-0290016","series-title":"Arch Neurol","first-page":"465","article-title":"Deep brain stimulation for primary generalized dystonia: long-term outcomes","volume":"66","author":"Isaias","year":"2009"},{"key":"b10-0290016","series-title":"Acta Neurochir Suppl","first-page":"125","article-title":"Chronic stimulation of the globus pallidus internus for control of primary generalized dystonia","volume":"87","author":"Katayama","year":"2003"},{"key":"b11-0290016","series-title":"Neurologist","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1097\/NRL.0b013e3181492c48","article-title":"Deep brain stimulation","volume":"13","author":"Kern","year":"2007"},{"key":"b12-0290016","series-title":"J Clin Neurophysiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1097\/00004691-200401000-00004","article-title":"Deep brain stimulation for dystonia","volume":"21","author":"Krauss","year":"2004"},{"key":"b13-0290016","series-title":"J Neurol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-008-0798-6","article-title":"Deep brain stimulation for dystonia: outcome at long-term follow-up","volume":"255","author":"Loher","year":"2008"},{"key":"b14-0290016","series-title":"Mov Disord","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.870120606","article-title":"Globus pallidus internus pallidotomy for generalized dystonia","volume":"12","author":"Lozano","year":"1997"},{"key":"b15-0290016","series-title":"Neuroscience","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2008.01.001","article-title":"Deep brain stimulation in the globus pallidus to treat dystonia: electrophysiological characteristics and 2 years' follow-up in 10 patients","volume":"152","author":"Magarinos-Ascone","year":"2008"},{"key":"b16-0290016","series-title":"Stereotact Funct Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1159\/000177623","article-title":"Long-term efficacy and safety of chronic globus pallidus internus stimulation in different types of primary dystonia","volume":"87","author":"Mehrkens","year":"2009"},{"key":"b17-0290016","series-title":"Mov Disord","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.21783","article-title":"Pallidal deep brain stimulation improves quality of life in segmental and generalized dystonia: results from a prospective, randomized sham-controlled trial","volume":"23","author":"Mueller","year":"2008"},{"key":"b18-0290016","series-title":"N Engl J Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"956","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa000827","article-title":"Deep-brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus or the pars interna of the globus pallidus in Parkinson's disease","volume":"345","author":"Obeso","year":"2001"},{"key":"b19-0290016","series-title":"Neuron","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1427","DOI":"10.1016\/0896-6273(89)90188-8","article-title":"Human gene for torsion dystonia located on chromosome 9q32\u2013q34","volume":"2","author":"Ozelius","year":"1989"},{"key":"b20-0290016","series-title":"Am J Hum Genet","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1188","DOI":"10.1086\/518427","article-title":"Intragenic Cis and Trans modification of genetic susceptibility in DYT1 torsion dystonia","volume":"80","author":"Risch","year":"2007"},{"key":"b21-0290016","series-title":"Neurol Neurochir Pol","first-page":"50","article-title":"Chronic bilateral pallidal stimulation in a patient with DYT-1 positive primary generalized dystonia. A long-term follow-up study","volume":"42","author":"Sobstyl","year":"2008"},{"issue":"1","key":"b22-0290016","series-title":"Neurosurg Focus","first-page":"E4","article-title":"Microelectrode-guided implantation of deep brain stimulators into the globus pallidus internus for dystonia: techniques, electrode locations, and outcomes","volume":"17","author":"Starr","year":"2004"},{"key":"b23-0290016","series-title":"Mov Disord","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.22433","article-title":"Factors predicting improvement in primary generalized dystonia treated by pallidal deep brain stimulation","volume":"24","author":"Vasques","year":"2009"},{"key":"b24-0290016","series-title":"J Neurol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1533","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-007-0578-8","article-title":"Effects of pulse width variations in pallidal stimulation for primary generalized dystonia","volume":"254","author":"Vercueil","year":"2007"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"b25-0290016","series-title":"Fortschr Neurol Psychiatr","first-page":"S61","article-title":"[Long-term efficacy of deep brain stimulation in patients with dystonia.]","volume":"77","author":"Wolters","year":"2009"},{"key":"b26-0290016","series-title":"Eur J Neurol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1468-1331.2003.00592.x","article-title":"Post-operative progress of dystonia patients following globus pallidus internus deep brain stimulation","volume":"10","author":"Yianni","year":"2003"},{"key":"b1-0290016","series-title":"Expert Rev Neurother","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1586\/14737175.6.6.863","article-title":"Treatment of dystonia","volume":"6","author":"Bhidayasiri","year":"2006"},{"key":"b2-0290016","series-title":"Neuropediatrics","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0028-1112117","article-title":"Return to participation-significant improvement after bilateral pallidal stimulation in rapidly progressive DYT-1 dystonia","volume":"39","author":"Borggraefe","year":"2008"},{"key":"b3-0290016","series-title":"Clin Neurol Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clineuro.2007.10.003","article-title":"Pallidal surgery for the treatment of primary generalized dystonia: long-term follow-up","volume":"110","author":"Cersosimo","year":"2008"},{"key":"b4-0290016","series-title":"J Neurosurg Sci","first-page":"52","article-title":"Treatment of dystonic syndromes by chronic electrical stimulation of the internal globus pallidus","volume":"47","author":"Cif","year":"2003"},{"key":"b5-0290016","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.2004.101.2.0189","article-title":"Electrical stimulation of the globus pallidus internus in patients with primary generalized dystonia: long-term results","volume":"101","author":"Coubes","year":"2004"},{"key":"b6-0290016","series-title":"Adv Neurol","first-page":"1","article-title":"Concept and classification of dystonia","volume":"50","author":"Fahn","year":"1988"},{"key":"b7-0290016","series-title":"Adv Neurol","first-page":"1","article-title":"Classification of dystonia","volume":"78","author":"Fahn","year":"1998"},{"key":"b8-0290016","series-title":"Mov Disord","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1785","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.21021","article-title":"Impact of bilateral pallidal stimulation on DYT1-generalized dystonia in Japanese patients","volume":"21","author":"Goto","year":"2006"},{"key":"b9-0290016","series-title":"Arch Neurol","first-page":"465","article-title":"Deep brain stimulation for primary generalized dystonia: long-term outcomes","volume":"66","author":"Isaias","year":"2009"},{"key":"b10-0290016","series-title":"Acta Neurochir Suppl","first-page":"125","article-title":"Chronic stimulation of the globus pallidus internus for control of primary generalized dystonia","volume":"87","author":"Katayama","year":"2003"},{"key":"b11-0290016","series-title":"Neurologist","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1097\/NRL.0b013e3181492c48","article-title":"Deep brain stimulation","volume":"13","author":"Kern","year":"2007"},{"key":"b12-0290016","series-title":"J Clin Neurophysiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1097\/00004691-200401000-00004","article-title":"Deep brain stimulation for dystonia","volume":"21","author":"Krauss","year":"2004"},{"key":"b13-0290016","series-title":"J Neurol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-008-0798-6","article-title":"Deep brain stimulation for dystonia: outcome at long-term follow-up","volume":"255","author":"Loher","year":"2008"},{"key":"b14-0290016","series-title":"Mov Disord","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.870120606","article-title":"Globus pallidus internus pallidotomy for generalized dystonia","volume":"12","author":"Lozano","year":"1997"},{"key":"b15-0290016","series-title":"Neuroscience","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2008.01.001","article-title":"Deep brain stimulation in the globus pallidus to treat dystonia: electrophysiological characteristics and 2 years' follow-up in 10 patients","volume":"152","author":"Magarinos-Ascone","year":"2008"},{"key":"b16-0290016","series-title":"Stereotact Funct Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1159\/000177623","article-title":"Long-term efficacy and safety of chronic globus pallidus internus stimulation in different types of primary dystonia","volume":"87","author":"Mehrkens","year":"2009"},{"key":"b17-0290016","series-title":"Mov Disord","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.21783","article-title":"Pallidal deep brain stimulation improves quality of life in segmental and generalized dystonia: results from a prospective, randomized sham-controlled trial","volume":"23","author":"Mueller","year":"2008"},{"key":"b18-0290016","series-title":"N Engl J Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"956","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa000827","article-title":"Deep-brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus or the pars interna of the globus pallidus in Parkinson's disease","volume":"345","author":"Obeso","year":"2001"},{"key":"b19-0290016","series-title":"Neuron","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1427","DOI":"10.1016\/0896-6273(89)90188-8","article-title":"Human gene for torsion dystonia located on chromosome 9q32\u2013q34","volume":"2","author":"Ozelius","year":"1989"},{"key":"b20-0290016","series-title":"Am J Hum Genet","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1188","DOI":"10.1086\/518427","article-title":"Intragenic Cis and Trans modification of genetic susceptibility in DYT1 torsion dystonia","volume":"80","author":"Risch","year":"2007"},{"key":"b21-0290016","series-title":"Neurol Neurochir Pol","first-page":"50","article-title":"Chronic bilateral pallidal stimulation in a patient with DYT-1 positive primary generalized dystonia. A long-term follow-up study","volume":"42","author":"Sobstyl","year":"2008"},{"issue":"1","key":"b22-0290016","series-title":"Neurosurg Focus","first-page":"E4","article-title":"Microelectrode-guided implantation of deep brain stimulators into the globus pallidus internus for dystonia: techniques, electrode locations, and outcomes","volume":"17","author":"Starr","year":"2004"},{"key":"b23-0290016","series-title":"Mov Disord","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.22433","article-title":"Factors predicting improvement in primary generalized dystonia treated by pallidal deep brain stimulation","volume":"24","author":"Vasques","year":"2009"},{"key":"b24-0290016","series-title":"J Neurol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1533","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-007-0578-8","article-title":"Effects of pulse width variations in pallidal stimulation for primary generalized dystonia","volume":"254","author":"Vercueil","year":"2007"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"b25-0290016","series-title":"Fortschr Neurol Psychiatr","first-page":"S61","article-title":"[Long-term efficacy of deep brain stimulation in patients with dystonia.]","volume":"77","author":"Wolters","year":"2009"},{"key":"b26-0290016","series-title":"Eur J Neurol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1468-1331.2003.00592.x","article-title":"Post-operative progress of dystonia patients following globus pallidus internus deep brain stimulation","volume":"10","author":"Yianni","year":"2003"}],"container-title":["Neurosurgical Focus"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/view\/journals\/neurosurg-focus\/29\/2\/2010.6.focus10112.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/neurosurg-focus\/29\/2\/2010.6.focus10112.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/neurosurg-focus\/29\/2\/2010.6.focus10112.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,30]],"date-time":"2026-05-30T08:40:05Z","timestamp":1780130405000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/view\/journals\/neurosurg-focus\/29\/2\/2010.6.focus10112.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,8]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/2010.6.focus10112","relation":{},"ISSN":["1092-0684"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1092-0684","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,8]]}}}