{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T21:14:48Z","timestamp":1784841288579,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":104,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["FOC"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Although originally the subject of rare case reports, intramedullary spinal cord cavernous malformations (CMs) have recently surfaced in an increasing number of case series and natural history reports in the literature. The authors reviewed 27 publications with 352 patients to consolidate modern epidemiological, natural history, and clinical and surgical data to facilitate decision making when managing these challenging vascular malformations. The mean age at presentation was 42 years without a sex predilection. Thirty-eight percent of the cases were cervical, 57% thoracic, 4% lumbar, and 1% unspecified location. Nine percent of the patients had a family history of CNS CMs. Twenty-seven percent of the patients had an associated cranial CM. On presentation 63% of the patients had motor deficits, 65% had sensory deficits, 27% had pain, and 11% had bowel or bladder dysfunction. Presentation was acute in 30%, recurrent in 16%, and progressive in 54% of cases. An overall annual hemorrhage rate was calculated as 2.5% for 92 patients followed up for a total of 2571 patient-years. Across 24 reviewed surgical series, a 91% complete resection rate was found. Transient morbidity was seen in 36% of cases. Sixty-one percent of patients improved, 27% were unchanged, and 12% were worse at the long-term follow-up. Using this information, the authors review surgical nuances in treating these lesions and propose a management algorithm.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3171\/2010.6.focus10144","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,9,1]],"date-time":"2010-09-01T10:23:13Z","timestamp":1283336593000},"page":"E14","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":114,"title":["Intramedullary spinal cord cavernous malformations"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Bradley A.","family":"Gross","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rose","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A. John","family":"Popp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arthur L.","family":"Day","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"key":"b1-0290014","series-title":"Neurosurgery","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1220","DOI":"10.1097\/00006123-199806000-00007","article-title":"Risks of surgical management for cavernous malformations of the nervous system","volume":"42","author":"Amin-Hanjani","year":"1998"},{"key":"b2-0290014","series-title":"Acta Neurol Scand","first-page":"169","article-title":"Vascular malformations of the spinal cord","volume":"40","author":"Bergstrand","year":"1964"},{"key":"b3-0290014","series-title":"Clin Neurol Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clineuro.2009.02.003","article-title":"Intramedullary cavernous malformations: clinical features and surgical technique via hemilaminectomy","volume":"111","author":"Bian","year":"2009"},{"key":"b4-0290014","series-title":"Arch Neurol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1978.00500350050010","article-title":"Familial cavernous angiomas","volume":"35","author":"Bicknell","year":"1978"},{"key":"b5-0290014","series-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1007\/s00701-005-0671-7","article-title":"Early surgery for brainstem cavernomas","volume":"148","author":"Bruneau","year":"2006"},{"key":"b6-0290014","series-title":"Surg Neurol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/0090-3019(94)90031-0","article-title":"Spinal intramedullary cavernous angiomas: a literature meta-analysis","volume":"41","author":"Canavero","year":"1994"},{"key":"b7-0290014","series-title":"Surg Neurol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1016\/0090-3019(95)80088-X","article-title":"Intramedullary cavernous angiomas of the spinal cord: report of six cases","volume":"43","author":"Cantore","year":"1995"},{"key":"b8-0290014","series-title":"Neurol Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1179\/016164105X39914","article-title":"Predictive factors for intracerebral hemorrhage in patients with cavernous angiomas","volume":"27","author":"Cantu","year":"2005"},{"key":"b9-0290014","series-title":"J Neuroradiol","first-page":"262","article-title":"Intramedullary cavernous malformations","volume":"26","author":"Chabert","year":"1999"},{"key":"b10-0290014","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.2006.104.3.376","article-title":"Coexistence of intracranial and spinal cavernous malformations: a study of prevalence and natural history","volume":"104","author":"Cohen-Gadol","year":"2006"},{"key":"b11-0290014","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1988.68.1.0031","article-title":"Cavernous angiomas of the spinal cord","volume":"68","author":"Cosgrove","year":"1988"},{"key":"b12-0290014","series-title":"Neurosurgery","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1097\/00006123-199809000-00014","article-title":"Radical excision of intramedullary cavernous angiomas","volume":"43","author":"Cristante","year":"1998"},{"issue":"1 Suppl","key":"b13-0290014","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"65","article-title":"Spinal intramedullary cavernoma: clinical presentation and surgical outcome","volume":"93","author":"Deutsch","year":"2000"},{"key":"b14-0290014","series-title":"Radiology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.166.3.3340780","article-title":"Cavernous hemangiomas of the spinal cord: MR imaging","volume":"166","author":"Fontaine","year":"1988"},{"key":"b15-0290014","series-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01405501","article-title":"Cavernous malformations of the brain stem. A review of 139 cases","volume":"130","author":"Fritschi","year":"1994"},{"key":"b16-0290014","series-title":"Neurosurgery","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1097\/00006123-199612000-00011","article-title":"Intramedullary angiographically occult vascular malformations of the spinal cord","volume":"39","author":"Furuya","year":"1996"},{"key":"b17-0290014","series-title":"Neurosurg Clin N Am","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/S1042-3680(18)30213-4","article-title":"Intramedullary cavernous malformations of the spinal cord","volume":"10","author":"Ghogawala","year":"1999"},{"key":"b18-0290014","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1964.21.4.0311","article-title":"Successful treatment of intramedullary angioma of the cord","volume":"21","author":"Goran","year":"1964"},{"key":"b19-0290014","series-title":"Br J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1080\/02688699550041098","article-title":"Surgical management of spinal cord cavernoma","volume":"9","author":"Gordon","year":"1995"},{"key":"b20-0290014","series-title":"Neurosurgery","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E805","DOI":"10.1227\/01.NEU.0000343668.44288.18","article-title":"Brainstem cavernous malformations","volume":"64","author":"Gross","year":"2009"},{"key":"b21-0290014","series-title":"Virchows Arch","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01993932","article-title":"Ein Fall von Tumor cavernosus des R\u00fcckenmarks mit besonderer Ber\u00fccksichtigung der neueren Theorien \u00dcber die Gene des Cavernoms","volume":"172","author":"Hadlich","year":"1903"},{"issue":"Suppl","key":"b22-0290014","series-title":"Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.2176\/nmc.38.suppl_231","article-title":"Treatment strategies and results in spinal vascular malformations","volume":"38","author":"Huffmann","year":"1998"},{"issue":"1","key":"b23-0290014","series-title":"Neurosurg Focus","first-page":"e10","article-title":"Clinical presentation and optimal management for intramedullary cavernous malformations","volume":"21","author":"Jallo","year":"2006"},{"key":"b24-0290014","series-title":"Spinal Angiomas: Advances in Diagnosis and Therapy","first-page":"18","article-title":"Pathology of spinal vascular malformations and vascular tumors","author":"Jellinger","year":"1978"},{"key":"b25-0290014","series-title":"Neurosurgery","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1227\/01.NEU.0000255437.36742.15","article-title":"The natural history of conservatively managed symptomatic intramedullary spinal cord cavernomas","volume":"60","author":"Kharkar","year":"2007"},{"key":"b26-0290014","series-title":"Neurosurgery","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1227\/01.NEU.0000192161.95893.D7","article-title":"Analysis of pain resolution after surgical resection of intramedullary spinal cord cavernous malformations","volume":"58","author":"Kim","year":"2006"},{"key":"b27-0290014","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1995.83.5.0820","article-title":"The natural history of cerebral cavernous malformations","volume":"83","author":"Kondziolka","year":"1995"},{"key":"b28-0290014","series-title":"Surg Neurol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surneu.2007.06.039","article-title":"Outcome in 53 patients with spinal cord cavernomas","volume":"70","author":"Labauge","year":"2008"},{"key":"b29-0290014","series-title":"Neurosurgery","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1227\/00006123-199403000-00020","article-title":"The role of intraoperative ultrasound imaging in the surgical removal of intramedullary cavernous angiomas","volume":"34","author":"Lunardi","year":"1994"},{"key":"b30-0290014","series-title":"J Neurosurg Spine","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.3171\/2009.2.SPINE08698","article-title":"Surgical results of intramedullary spinal cord tumor with spinal cord monitoring to guide extent of resection. Clinical article","volume":"10","author":"Matsuyama","year":"2009"},{"key":"b31-0290014","series-title":"Neurosurgery","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1227\/00006123-198810000-00009","article-title":"Cavernous malformations of the spinal cord","volume":"23","author":"McCormick","year":"1988"},{"issue":"1 Suppl 1","key":"b32-0290014","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"ONS58","article-title":"The anterolateral partial vertebrectomy approach for ventrally located cervical intramedullary cavernous angiomas","volume":"59","author":"Nishikawa","year":"2006"},{"key":"b33-0290014","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1957.14.2.0192","article-title":"Spontaneous hematomyelia and angiomas of the spinal cord","volume":"14","author":"Odom","year":"1957"},{"key":"b34-0290014","series-title":"Neurosurgery","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1227\/00006123-199208000-00007","article-title":"Intramedullary cavernous angiomas of the spinal cord: clinical presentation, pathological features, and surgical management","volume":"31","author":"Ogilvy","year":"1992"},{"key":"b35-0290014","series-title":"Eur Spine J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01142674","article-title":"Cavernous angiomas of the spinal district: surgical treatment of 11 patients","volume":"6","author":"Padovani","year":"1997"},{"key":"b36-0290014","series-title":"Spinal Cord","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2008.89","article-title":"The clinical outcomes after complete surgical resection of intramedullary cavernous angiomas: changes in motor and sensory symptoms","volume":"47","author":"Park","year":"2009"},{"key":"b37-0290014","series-title":"Neurosurgery","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1227\/00006123-199411000-00010","article-title":"Surgical results of 100 intramedullary tumors in relation to accompanying syringomyelia","volume":"35","author":"Samii","year":"1994"},{"key":"b38-0290014","series-title":"Neurosurg Rev","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1007\/s10143-003-0260-2","article-title":"Intramedullary spinal cord cavernous malformations: clinical features and risk of hemorrhage","volume":"26","author":"Sandalcioglu","year":"2003"},{"key":"b39-0290014","series-title":"Neurosurg Rev","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1007\/s10143-003-0302-9","article-title":"Intramedullary spinal cord cavernous malformations: report of ten new cases","volume":"27","author":"Santoro","year":"2004"},{"key":"b40-0290014","series-title":"Dtsch Med Wochenschr","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1676","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0029-1189775","article-title":"Weiterer Beitrag zur Diagnose und operativen Behandlung von Geschwulsten der Ruckenmarkshaute und des Ruckenmarks: Erfolgreiche Operation eines intramedullaren Tumors","volume":"38","author":"Schultze","year":"1912"},{"key":"b41-0290014","series-title":"J Am Med Assoc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1956.02960420008002","article-title":"Lower extremity pain simulating sciatica; tumors of the high thoracic and cervical cord as causes","volume":"160","author":"Scott","year":"1956"},{"key":"b42-0290014","series-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01417690","article-title":"Cavernous angiomas of the spinal cord clinical presentation, surgical strategy, and postoperative results","volume":"134","author":"Spetzger","year":"1995"},{"key":"b43-0290014","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1968.29.2.0199","article-title":"Metameric spinal cord and skin hemangiomas. Case report","volume":"29","author":"Szojchet","year":"1968"},{"key":"b44-0290014","series-title":"J Clin Neurosci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1016\/S0967-5868(99)90505-2","article-title":"Intramedullary cavernous haemangiomas: clinical features, imaging diagnosis, surgical resection and outcome","volume":"6","author":"Tu","year":"1999"},{"key":"b45-0290014","series-title":"Neuroradiology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1007\/s002340050094","article-title":"MRI of intramedullary cavernous haemangiomas","volume":"37","author":"Turjman","year":"1995"},{"key":"b46-0290014","series-title":"Can J Neurol Sci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1017\/S0317167100035423","article-title":"Hemangioma calcificans of the spinal cord","volume":"12","author":"Tyndel","year":"1985"},{"key":"b47-0290014","series-title":"J Neurosurg Sci","first-page":"229","article-title":"Cavernous angiomas of the central nervous system","volume":"33","author":"Villani","year":"1989"},{"key":"b48-0290014","series-title":"Neurosurgery","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1094","DOI":"10.1097\/00006123-199711000-00013","article-title":"Surgical resection of intramedullary spinal cord cavernous malformations: delayed complications, long-term outcomes, and association with cryptic venous malformations","volume":"41","author":"Vishteh","year":"1997"},{"key":"b49-0290014","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"30","article-title":"Patients with spinal cord cavernous malformations are at an increased risk for multiple neuraxis cavernous malformations","volume":"45","author":"Vishteh","year":"1999"},{"key":"b50-0290014","series-title":"Neuroradiology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1007\/s00234-003-1072-3","article-title":"MRI and intraoperative findings in cavernous haemangiomas of the spinal cord","volume":"46","author":"Weinzierl","year":"2004"},{"key":"b51-0290014","series-title":"Proc Staff Meet Mayo Clin","first-page":"249","article-title":"Cavernous hemangiomatosis involving the brain, spinal cord, heart, skin and kidney: report of case","volume":"32","author":"Wood","year":"1957"},{"key":"b52-0290014","series-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1007\/s007010050293","article-title":"Cavernous haemangiomas of the spinal cord. A review of 117 cases","volume":"141","author":"Zevgaridis","year":"1999"},{"key":"b1-0290014","series-title":"Neurosurgery","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1220","DOI":"10.1097\/00006123-199806000-00007","article-title":"Risks of surgical management for cavernous malformations of the nervous system","volume":"42","author":"Amin-Hanjani","year":"1998"},{"key":"b2-0290014","series-title":"Acta Neurol Scand","first-page":"169","article-title":"Vascular malformations of the spinal cord","volume":"40","author":"Bergstrand","year":"1964"},{"key":"b3-0290014","series-title":"Clin Neurol Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clineuro.2009.02.003","article-title":"Intramedullary cavernous malformations: clinical features and surgical technique via hemilaminectomy","volume":"111","author":"Bian","year":"2009"},{"key":"b4-0290014","series-title":"Arch Neurol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1978.00500350050010","article-title":"Familial cavernous angiomas","volume":"35","author":"Bicknell","year":"1978"},{"key":"b5-0290014","series-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1007\/s00701-005-0671-7","article-title":"Early surgery for brainstem cavernomas","volume":"148","author":"Bruneau","year":"2006"},{"key":"b6-0290014","series-title":"Surg Neurol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/0090-3019(94)90031-0","article-title":"Spinal intramedullary cavernous angiomas: a literature meta-analysis","volume":"41","author":"Canavero","year":"1994"},{"key":"b7-0290014","series-title":"Surg Neurol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1016\/0090-3019(95)80088-X","article-title":"Intramedullary cavernous angiomas of the spinal cord: report of six cases","volume":"43","author":"Cantore","year":"1995"},{"key":"b8-0290014","series-title":"Neurol Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1179\/016164105X39914","article-title":"Predictive factors for intracerebral hemorrhage in patients with cavernous angiomas","volume":"27","author":"Cantu","year":"2005"},{"key":"b9-0290014","series-title":"J Neuroradiol","first-page":"262","article-title":"Intramedullary cavernous malformations","volume":"26","author":"Chabert","year":"1999"},{"key":"b10-0290014","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.2006.104.3.376","article-title":"Coexistence of intracranial and spinal cavernous malformations: a study of prevalence and natural history","volume":"104","author":"Cohen-Gadol","year":"2006"},{"key":"b11-0290014","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1988.68.1.0031","article-title":"Cavernous angiomas of the spinal cord","volume":"68","author":"Cosgrove","year":"1988"},{"key":"b12-0290014","series-title":"Neurosurgery","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1097\/00006123-199809000-00014","article-title":"Radical excision of intramedullary cavernous angiomas","volume":"43","author":"Cristante","year":"1998"},{"issue":"1 Suppl","key":"b13-0290014","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"65","article-title":"Spinal intramedullary cavernoma: clinical presentation and surgical outcome","volume":"93","author":"Deutsch","year":"2000"},{"key":"b14-0290014","series-title":"Radiology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.166.3.3340780","article-title":"Cavernous hemangiomas of the spinal cord: MR imaging","volume":"166","author":"Fontaine","year":"1988"},{"key":"b15-0290014","series-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01405501","article-title":"Cavernous malformations of the brain stem. A review of 139 cases","volume":"130","author":"Fritschi","year":"1994"},{"key":"b16-0290014","series-title":"Neurosurgery","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1097\/00006123-199612000-00011","article-title":"Intramedullary angiographically occult vascular malformations of the spinal cord","volume":"39","author":"Furuya","year":"1996"},{"key":"b17-0290014","series-title":"Neurosurg Clin N Am","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/S1042-3680(18)30213-4","article-title":"Intramedullary cavernous malformations of the spinal cord","volume":"10","author":"Ghogawala","year":"1999"},{"key":"b18-0290014","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1964.21.4.0311","article-title":"Successful treatment of intramedullary angioma of the cord","volume":"21","author":"Goran","year":"1964"},{"key":"b19-0290014","series-title":"Br J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1080\/02688699550041098","article-title":"Surgical management of spinal cord cavernoma","volume":"9","author":"Gordon","year":"1995"},{"key":"b20-0290014","series-title":"Neurosurgery","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E805","DOI":"10.1227\/01.NEU.0000343668.44288.18","article-title":"Brainstem cavernous malformations","volume":"64","author":"Gross","year":"2009"},{"key":"b21-0290014","series-title":"Virchows Arch","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01993932","article-title":"Ein Fall von Tumor cavernosus des R\u00fcckenmarks mit besonderer Ber\u00fccksichtigung der neueren Theorien \u00dcber die Gene des Cavernoms","volume":"172","author":"Hadlich","year":"1903"},{"issue":"Suppl","key":"b22-0290014","series-title":"Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.2176\/nmc.38.suppl_231","article-title":"Treatment strategies and results in spinal vascular malformations","volume":"38","author":"Huffmann","year":"1998"},{"issue":"1","key":"b23-0290014","series-title":"Neurosurg Focus","first-page":"e10","article-title":"Clinical presentation and optimal management for intramedullary cavernous malformations","volume":"21","author":"Jallo","year":"2006"},{"key":"b24-0290014","series-title":"Spinal Angiomas: Advances in Diagnosis and Therapy","first-page":"18","article-title":"Pathology of spinal vascular malformations and vascular tumors","author":"Jellinger","year":"1978"},{"key":"b25-0290014","series-title":"Neurosurgery","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1227\/01.NEU.0000255437.36742.15","article-title":"The natural history of conservatively managed symptomatic intramedullary spinal cord cavernomas","volume":"60","author":"Kharkar","year":"2007"},{"key":"b26-0290014","series-title":"Neurosurgery","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1227\/01.NEU.0000192161.95893.D7","article-title":"Analysis of pain resolution after surgical resection of intramedullary spinal cord cavernous malformations","volume":"58","author":"Kim","year":"2006"},{"key":"b27-0290014","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1995.83.5.0820","article-title":"The natural history of cerebral cavernous malformations","volume":"83","author":"Kondziolka","year":"1995"},{"key":"b28-0290014","series-title":"Surg Neurol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surneu.2007.06.039","article-title":"Outcome in 53 patients with spinal cord cavernomas","volume":"70","author":"Labauge","year":"2008"},{"key":"b29-0290014","series-title":"Neurosurgery","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1227\/00006123-199403000-00020","article-title":"The role of intraoperative ultrasound imaging in the surgical removal of intramedullary cavernous angiomas","volume":"34","author":"Lunardi","year":"1994"},{"key":"b30-0290014","series-title":"J Neurosurg Spine","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.3171\/2009.2.SPINE08698","article-title":"Surgical results of intramedullary spinal cord tumor with spinal cord monitoring to guide extent of resection. Clinical article","volume":"10","author":"Matsuyama","year":"2009"},{"key":"b31-0290014","series-title":"Neurosurgery","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1227\/00006123-198810000-00009","article-title":"Cavernous malformations of the spinal cord","volume":"23","author":"McCormick","year":"1988"},{"issue":"1 Suppl 1","key":"b32-0290014","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"ONS58","article-title":"The anterolateral partial vertebrectomy approach for ventrally located cervical intramedullary cavernous angiomas","volume":"59","author":"Nishikawa","year":"2006"},{"key":"b33-0290014","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1957.14.2.0192","article-title":"Spontaneous hematomyelia and angiomas of the spinal cord","volume":"14","author":"Odom","year":"1957"},{"key":"b34-0290014","series-title":"Neurosurgery","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1227\/00006123-199208000-00007","article-title":"Intramedullary cavernous angiomas of the spinal cord: clinical presentation, pathological features, and surgical management","volume":"31","author":"Ogilvy","year":"1992"},{"key":"b35-0290014","series-title":"Eur Spine J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01142674","article-title":"Cavernous angiomas of the spinal district: surgical treatment of 11 patients","volume":"6","author":"Padovani","year":"1997"},{"key":"b36-0290014","series-title":"Spinal Cord","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2008.89","article-title":"The clinical outcomes after complete surgical resection of intramedullary cavernous angiomas: changes in motor and sensory symptoms","volume":"47","author":"Park","year":"2009"},{"key":"b37-0290014","series-title":"Neurosurgery","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1227\/00006123-199411000-00010","article-title":"Surgical results of 100 intramedullary tumors in relation to accompanying syringomyelia","volume":"35","author":"Samii","year":"1994"},{"key":"b38-0290014","series-title":"Neurosurg Rev","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1007\/s10143-003-0260-2","article-title":"Intramedullary spinal cord cavernous malformations: clinical features and risk of hemorrhage","volume":"26","author":"Sandalcioglu","year":"2003"},{"key":"b39-0290014","series-title":"Neurosurg Rev","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1007\/s10143-003-0302-9","article-title":"Intramedullary spinal cord cavernous malformations: report of ten new cases","volume":"27","author":"Santoro","year":"2004"},{"key":"b40-0290014","series-title":"Dtsch Med Wochenschr","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1676","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0029-1189775","article-title":"Weiterer Beitrag zur Diagnose und operativen Behandlung von Geschwulsten der Ruckenmarkshaute und des Ruckenmarks: Erfolgreiche Operation eines intramedullaren Tumors","volume":"38","author":"Schultze","year":"1912"},{"key":"b41-0290014","series-title":"J Am Med Assoc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1956.02960420008002","article-title":"Lower extremity pain simulating sciatica; tumors of the high thoracic and cervical cord as causes","volume":"160","author":"Scott","year":"1956"},{"key":"b42-0290014","series-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01417690","article-title":"Cavernous angiomas of the spinal cord clinical presentation, surgical strategy, and postoperative results","volume":"134","author":"Spetzger","year":"1995"},{"key":"b43-0290014","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1968.29.2.0199","article-title":"Metameric spinal cord and skin hemangiomas. Case report","volume":"29","author":"Szojchet","year":"1968"},{"key":"b44-0290014","series-title":"J Clin Neurosci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1016\/S0967-5868(99)90505-2","article-title":"Intramedullary cavernous haemangiomas: clinical features, imaging diagnosis, surgical resection and outcome","volume":"6","author":"Tu","year":"1999"},{"key":"b45-0290014","series-title":"Neuroradiology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1007\/s002340050094","article-title":"MRI of intramedullary cavernous haemangiomas","volume":"37","author":"Turjman","year":"1995"},{"key":"b46-0290014","series-title":"Can J Neurol Sci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1017\/S0317167100035423","article-title":"Hemangioma calcificans of the spinal cord","volume":"12","author":"Tyndel","year":"1985"},{"key":"b47-0290014","series-title":"J Neurosurg Sci","first-page":"229","article-title":"Cavernous angiomas of the central nervous system","volume":"33","author":"Villani","year":"1989"},{"key":"b48-0290014","series-title":"Neurosurgery","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1094","DOI":"10.1097\/00006123-199711000-00013","article-title":"Surgical resection of intramedullary spinal cord cavernous malformations: delayed complications, long-term outcomes, and association with cryptic venous malformations","volume":"41","author":"Vishteh","year":"1997"},{"key":"b49-0290014","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"30","article-title":"Patients with spinal cord cavernous malformations are at an increased risk for multiple neuraxis cavernous malformations","volume":"45","author":"Vishteh","year":"1999"},{"key":"b50-0290014","series-title":"Neuroradiology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1007\/s00234-003-1072-3","article-title":"MRI and intraoperative findings in cavernous haemangiomas of the spinal cord","volume":"46","author":"Weinzierl","year":"2004"},{"key":"b51-0290014","series-title":"Proc Staff Meet Mayo Clin","first-page":"249","article-title":"Cavernous hemangiomatosis involving the brain, spinal cord, heart, skin and kidney: report of case","volume":"32","author":"Wood","year":"1957"},{"key":"b52-0290014","series-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1007\/s007010050293","article-title":"Cavernous haemangiomas of the spinal cord. A review of 117 cases","volume":"141","author":"Zevgaridis","year":"1999"}],"container-title":["Neurosurgical Focus"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/view\/journals\/neurosurg-focus\/29\/3\/2010.6.focus10144.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/neurosurg-focus\/29\/3\/2010.6.focus10144.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/neurosurg-focus\/29\/3\/2010.6.focus10144.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,30]],"date-time":"2026-05-30T08:39:43Z","timestamp":1780130383000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/view\/journals\/neurosurg-focus\/29\/3\/2010.6.focus10144.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,9]]},"references-count":104,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/2010.6.focus10144","relation":{},"ISSN":["1092-0684"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1092-0684","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,9]]}}}