{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T12:56:50Z","timestamp":1792155410247,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JNS"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Object<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Sphenopalatine ganglion stimulation activates perivascular vasodilatory nerves in the ipsilateral anterior circle of Willis. This experiment tested whether stimulation of the ganglion could reverse vasospasm and improve cerebral perfusion after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) in monkeys.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Thirteen cynomolgus monkeys underwent baseline angiography followed by creation of SAH by placement of autologous blood against the right intradural internal carotid artery, the middle cerebral artery (MCA), and the anterior cerebral artery. Seven days later, angiography was repeated, and the right sphenopalatine ganglion was exposed microsurgically. Angiography was repeated 15 minutes after exposure of the ganglion. The ganglion was stimulated electrically 3 times, and angiography was repeated during and 15 and 30 minutes after stimulation. Cerebral blood flow (CBF) was monitored using laser Doppler flowmetry, and intracranial pressure (ICP) was measured throughout. The protocol was repeated again. Evans blue was injected and the animals were killed. The brains were removed for analysis of water and Evans blue content and histology.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Subarachnoid hemorrhage was associated with significant vasospasm of the ipsilateral major cerebral arteries (23% \u00b1 10% to 39% \u00b1 4%; p &lt; 0.05, paired t-tests). Exposure of the ganglion and sham stimulation had no significant effects on arterial diameters, ICP, or CBF (4 monkeys, ANOVA and paired t-tests). Sphenopalatine ganglion stimulation dilated the ipsilateral extracranial and intracranial internal carotid artery, MCA, and anterior cerebral artery compared with the contralateral arteries (9 monkeys, 7% \u00b1 9% to 15% \u00b1 19%; p &lt; 0.05, ANOVA). There was a significant increase in ipsilateral CBF. Stimulation had no effect on ICP or brain histology. Brain water content did not increase but Evans blue content was significantly elevated in the MCA territory of the stimulated hemisphere.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Sphenopalatine ganglion stimulation decreased vasospasm and increased CBF after SAH in monkeys. This was associated with opening of the blood-brain barrier.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3171\/2010.6.jns091525","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,7,2]],"date-time":"2010-07-02T15:28:14Z","timestamp":1278084494000},"page":"1104-1109","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Sphenopalatine ganglion stimulation for vasospasm after experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"114","author":[{"given":"Masataka","family":"Takahashi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, University of Chicago Medical Center and Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhen-Du","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, University of Chicago Medical Center and Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R. Loch","family":"Macdonald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neurosurgery, St. Michael's Hospital, Keenan Research Centre in the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital and Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"key":"b1-jns091525","series-title":"Brain","first-page":"3224","article-title":"Delayed ischaemic neurological deficits after subarachnoid haemorrhage are associated with clusters of spreading depolarizations","volume":"129","author":"Dreier","year":"2006"},{"key":"b2-jns091525","series-title":"Cell Tissue Res","first-page":"135","article-title":"VIP (vasoactive intestinal polypeptide)-containing nerves of intracranial arteries in mammals","volume":"208","author":"Edvinsson","year":"1980"},{"key":"b3-jns091525","series-title":"Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism","first-page":"43","article-title":"Perivascular nerves in brain vessels","author":"Edvinsson","year":"2002"},{"key":"b4-jns091525","series-title":"Am J Physiol","first-page":"H2053","article-title":"Stimulation of cerebellar fastigial nucleus inhibits interleukin-1beta-induced cerebrovascular inflammation","volume":"275","author":"Galea","year":"1998"},{"key":"b5-jns091525","series-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)","first-page":"575","article-title":"Time-course of blood-brain barrier permeability changes after experimental subarachnoid haemorrhage","volume":"142","author":"German\u00f2","year":"2000"},{"key":"b6-jns091525","series-title":"Brain Res","first-page":"47","article-title":"Stimulation of the subthalamic vasodilator area and fastigial nucleus independently protects the brain against focal ischemia","volume":"912","author":"Glickstein","year":"2001"},{"key":"b7-jns091525","series-title":"Brain Res","first-page":"145","article-title":"Sphenopalatine ganglion stimulation increases regional cerebral blood flow independent of glucose utilization in the cat","volume":"506","author":"Goadsby","year":"1990"},{"key":"b8-jns091525","series-title":"Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism","first-page":"172","article-title":"Neurovascular control of the cerebral circulation","author":"Goadsby","year":"2002"},{"key":"b9-jns091525","series-title":"Brain Res","first-page":"110","article-title":"Cerebral vasodilatation in the cat involves nitric oxide from parasympathetic nerves","volume":"707","author":"Goadsby","year":"1996"},{"key":"b10-jns091525","series-title":"Brain Res","first-page":"304","article-title":"Neuroprotective electrical stimulation of cerebellar fastigial nucleus attenuates expression of periinfarction depolarizing waves (PIDs) and inhibits cortical spreading depression","volume":"818","author":"Golanov","year":"1999"},{"key":"b11-jns091525","series-title":"J Cereb Blood Flow Metab","first-page":"204","article-title":"Acetylcholine and vasoactive intestinal peptide in cerebral blood vessels: effect of extirpation of the sphenopalatine ganglion","volume":"9","author":"Hara","year":"1989"},{"key":"b12-jns091525","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"633","article-title":"Prediction of cerebral vasospasm in patients presenting with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a review","volume":"56","author":"Harrod","year":"2005"},{"key":"b13-jns091525","series-title":"Stroke","first-page":"2779","article-title":"Stimulating circle of Willis nerve fibers preserves the diffusion-perfusion mismatch in experimental stroke","volume":"38","author":"Henninger","year":"2007"},{"key":"b14-jns091525","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"1148","article-title":"Effect of electrical stimulation of the cervical spinal cord on blood flow following subarachnoid hemorrhage. 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Part II: Regional cerebral blood flow and cerebral microcirculation after experimental subarachnoid haemorrhage","volume":"72","author":"Trojanowski","year":"1984"},{"key":"b25-jns091525","series-title":"Brain Res","first-page":"236","article-title":"Increased BBB permeability by parasympathetic sphenopalatine ganglion stimulation in dogs","volume":"1018","author":"Yarnitsky","year":"2004"},{"key":"b26-jns091525","series-title":"Stroke","first-page":"728","article-title":"Sphenopalatine ganglion (SPG) stimulation in acute stroke model: a novel method for neuroprotection","volume":"37","author":"Yarnitsky","year":"2006"},{"key":"b27-jns091525","series-title":"Surg Neurol","first-page":"5","article-title":"Reversal of cerebral vasospasm by sphenopalatine ganglion stimulation in a dog model of subarachnoid hemorrhage","volume":"64","author":"Yarnitsky","year":"2005"},{"key":"b28-jns091525","series-title":"Stroke","first-page":"1868","article-title":"Vasospasm in monkeys resolves because of loss of and encasement of subarachnoid blood clot","volume":"32","author":"Zhang","year":"2001"},{"key":"b29-jns091525","series-title":"J Neurochem","first-page":"328","article-title":"Electrical stimulation of cerebellar fastigial nucleus protects rat brain, in vitro, from staurosporine-induced apoptosis","volume":"79","author":"Zhou","year":"2001"}],"container-title":["Journal of Neurosurgery"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/view\/journals\/j-neurosurg\/114\/4\/article-p1104.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/j-neurosurg\/114\/4\/article-p1104.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/j-neurosurg\/114\/4\/article-p1104.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,27]],"date-time":"2023-03-27T05:39:38Z","timestamp":1679895578000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/view\/journals\/j-neurosurg\/114\/4\/article-p1104.xml"}},"subtitle":["Laboratory investigation"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,4]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/2010.6.jns091525","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-3085","1933-0693"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-3085","type":"print"},{"value":"1933-0693","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,4]]}}}