{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,30]],"date-time":"2026-05-30T09:04:51Z","timestamp":1780131891201,"version":"3.54.0"},"reference-count":196,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["FOC"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The high morbidity and mortality associated with acromegaly can be addressed with multiple treatment modalities, including surgery, medicines, and radiation therapy. Radiation was initially delivered through conventional fractionated radiotherapy, which targets a wide area over many treatment sessions and has been shown to induce remission in 50%\u201360% of patients with acromegaly. However, conventional fractionated radiotherapy takes several years to achieve remission in patients with acromegaly and carries a risk of hypopituitarism that may limit its use. Stereotactic radiosurgery, of which there are several forms, including Gamma Knife surgery, CyberKnife therapy, and proton beam therapy, offers slightly attenuated efficacy but achieves remission in less time and provides more precise targeting of the adenoma with better control of the dose of radiation received by adjacent structures such as the pituitary stalk, pituitary gland, optic chiasm, and cranial nerves in the cavernous sinus. Of the forms of stereotactic radiosurgery, Gamma Knife surgery is the most widely used and, because of its long-term follow-up in clinical studies, is the most likely to compete with medical therapy for first-line adjuvant use after resection. In this review, the authors outline the major modes of radiation therapies in clinical use today, and they critically assess the feasibility of these modalities for acromegaly treatment. Acromegaly is a multisystem disorder that demands highly specialized treatment protocols including neurosurgical and endocrinological intervention. As more efficient forms of pituitary radiation develop, acromegaly treatment options may continue to change with radiation therapies playing a more prominent role.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3171\/2010.7.focus10124","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,10,1]],"date-time":"2010-10-01T09:59:03Z","timestamp":1285927143000},"page":"E12","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Radiation treatment strategies for acromegaly"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Nathan C.","family":"Rowland","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manish K.","family":"Aghi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"key":"b1-0290012","series-title":"Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1097\/MED.0b013e32832d88e4","article-title":"Recent advances in the treatment of acromegaly","volume":"16","author":"Aghi","year":"2009"},{"key":"b2-0290012","series-title":"Acta Otolaryngol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.3109\/00016488209130908","article-title":"Gamma irradiation effects on human growth hormone producing pituitary adenoma tissue. An analysis of morphology and hormone secretion in an in vitro model system","volume":"93","author":"Anniko","year":"1982"},{"issue":"10 Suppl","key":"b3-0290012","series-title":"J Endocrinol Invest","first-page":"36","article-title":"Therapy for the syndromes of GH excess","volume":"26","author":"Arosio","year":"2003"},{"key":"b4-0290012","series-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3105","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2002-021663","article-title":"Gamma-knife radiosurgery in acromegaly: a 4-year follow-up study","volume":"88","author":"Attanasio","year":"2003"},{"key":"b5-0290012","series-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2265.2003.01704.x","article-title":"Radiotherapy in acromegaly: the argument against","volume":"58","author":"Barkan","year":"2003"},{"key":"b6-0290012","series-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab","first-page":"3187","article-title":"Pituitary irradiation is ineffective in normalizing plasma insulin-like growth factor I in patients with acromegaly","volume":"82","author":"Barkan","year":"1997"},{"key":"b7-0290012","series-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3779","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.85.10.6870","article-title":"Hormonal and metabolic effects of radiotherapy in acromegaly: long-term results in 128 patients followed in a single center","volume":"85","author":"Barrande","year":"2000"},{"key":"b8-0290012","series-title":"Expert Rev Pharmacoecon Outcomes Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1586\/erp.09.17","article-title":"Cost-effectiveness of lanreotide Autogel in treatment algorithms of acromegaly","volume":"9","author":"Biermasz","year":"2009"},{"key":"b9-0290012","series-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2476","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.85.7.6699","article-title":"Long-term follow-up results of postoperative radiotherapy in 36 patients with acromegaly","volume":"85","author":"Biermasz","year":"2000"},{"key":"b10-0290012","series-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4596","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.85.12.7042","article-title":"Ten-year follow-up results of transsphenoidal microsurgery in acromegaly","volume":"85","author":"Biermasz","year":"2000"},{"key":"b11-0290012","series-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2004.02138.x","article-title":"Radiosurgery for pituitary adenomas","volume":"61","author":"Brada","year":"2004"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"b12-0290012","series-title":"Horm Res","first-page":"34","article-title":"ACROSTUDY: Status update on 469 patients","volume":"71","author":"Brue","year":"2009"},{"key":"b13-0290012","series-title":"Pituitary","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/s11102-007-0078-y","article-title":"Radiotherapy and radiosurgery in acromegaly","volume":"12","author":"Castinetti","year":"2009"},{"key":"b14-0290012","series-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3400","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2008-2772","article-title":"Long-term results of stereotactic radiosurgery in secretory pituitary adenomas","volume":"94","author":"Castinetti","year":"2009"},{"key":"b15-0290012","series-title":"Nat Rev Endocrinol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2010.4","article-title":"Role of stereotactic radiosurgery in the management of pituitary adenomas","volume":"6","author":"Castinetti","year":"2010"},{"key":"b16-0290012","series-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4483","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2005-0311","article-title":"Outcome of gamma knife radiosurgery in 82 patients with acromegaly: correlation with initial hypersecretion","volume":"90","author":"Castinetti","year":"2005"},{"key":"b17-0290012","series-title":"J Korean Neurosurg Soc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.3340\/jkns.2009.45.3.157","article-title":"Stereotactic radiosurgery with the CyberKnife for pituitary adenomas","volume":"45","author":"Cho","year":"2009"},{"key":"b18-0290012","series-title":"Neurosurgery","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"866","DOI":"10.1227\/01.NEU.0000209892.42585.9B","article-title":"Socioeconomic costs of open surgery and gamma knife radiosurgery for benign cranial base tumors","volume":"58","author":"Cho","year":"2006"},{"key":"b19-0290012","series-title":"Yonsei Med J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.3349\/ymj.2003.44.4.602","article-title":"Radiological and hormonal responses of functioning pituitary adenomas after gamma knife radiosurgery","volume":"44","author":"Choi","year":"2003"},{"key":"b20-0290012","series-title":"Eur J Endocrinol","first-page":"717","article-title":"Failure of radiotherapy in acromegaly","volume":"145","author":"Cozzi","year":"2001"},{"key":"b21-0290012","series-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"976","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2006-2112","article-title":"Mortality in patients treated for Cushing's disease is increased, compared with patients treated for nonfunctioning pituitary macroadenoma","volume":"92","author":"Dekkers","year":"2007"},{"key":"b22-0290012","series-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2007-1191","article-title":"Mortality in acromegaly: a metaanalysis","volume":"93","author":"Dekkers","year":"2008"},{"key":"b23-0290012","series-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2265.2001.01294.x","article-title":"Efficacy of radiotherapy in normalizing serum IGF-I, acid-labile subunit (ALS) and IGFBP-3 levels in acromegaly","volume":"55","author":"Epaminonda","year":"2001"},{"key":"b24-0290012","series-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4892","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2002-020526","article-title":"Risk factors for cerebrovascular deaths in patients operated and irradiated for pituitary tumors","volume":"87","author":"Erfurth","year":"2002"},{"key":"b25-0290012","series-title":"Pituitary","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1007\/s11102-005-3280-9","article-title":"Outcome of surgery for acromegaly performed by different surgeons: importance of surgical experience","volume":"8","author":"Erturk","year":"2005"},{"issue":"5 Suppl","key":"b26-0290012","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.2002.97.supplement_5.0415","article-title":"Effects of gamma knife radiosurgery of pituitary adenomas on pituitary function","volume":"97","author":"Feigl","year":"2002"},{"key":"b27-0290012","series-title":"Growth Horm IGF Res","first-page":"S144","article-title":"How effective are current therapies for acromegaly?","volume":"13 Suppl A","author":"Freda","year":"2003"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"b28-0290012","series-title":"Stereotact Funct Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1159\/000100657","article-title":"The effects of Gamma Knife surgery of pituitary adenomas on tumor growth and endocrinopathies","volume":"61","author":"Ganz","year":"1993"},{"key":"b29-0290012","series-title":"Rev Neurol","first-page":"15","article-title":"Un cas d'acromegalie trait\u00e8 pour la radioterapie","volume":"17","author":"Gramegna","year":"1909"},{"key":"b30-0290012","series-title":"Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2005-837552","article-title":"Gamma-knife surgery is effective in normalising plasma insulin-like growth factor I in patients with acromegaly","volume":"113","author":"Gutt","year":"2005"},{"key":"b31-0290012","series-title":"Expert Rev Anticancer Ther","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1507","DOI":"10.1586\/14737140.7.11.1507","article-title":"CyberKnife robotic radiosurgery system for tumor treatment","volume":"7","author":"Hara","year":"2007"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"b32-0290012","series-title":"Stereotact Funct Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1159\/000056446","article-title":"Gamma Knife radiosurgery for pituitary adenomas","volume":"72","author":"Hayashi","year":"1999"},{"key":"b33-0290012","series-title":"BMJ","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.1.5955.457-a","article-title":"Letter: Proton beam therapy for acromegaly","volume":"1","author":"Hockaday","year":"1975"},{"issue":"Suppl 3","key":"b34-0290012","series-title":"Horm Res","first-page":"79","article-title":"Treatment of acromegaly","volume":"62","author":"Holdaway","year":"2004"},{"key":"b35-0290012","series-title":"Can J Neurol Sci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1017\/S0317167100007800","article-title":"Outcome of stereotactic radiotherapy for patients with uncontrolled acromegaly","volume":"36","author":"Imran","year":"2009"},{"key":"b36-0290012","series-title":"Pituitary","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1009926122406","article-title":"Role of gamma knife radiosurgery in acromegaly","volume":"2","author":"Jackson","year":"1999"},{"key":"b37-0290012","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"1262","article-title":"Gamma knife radiosurgery for acromegaly: outcomes after failed transsphenoidal surgery","volume":"62","author":"Jagannathan","year":"2008"},{"key":"b38-0290012","series-title":"Pituitary","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1007\/s11102-007-0002-5","article-title":"Treatment of acromegaly: is there still a place for radiotherapy?","volume":"10","author":"Jallad","year":"2007"},{"issue":"5","key":"b39-0290012","series-title":"Neurosurg Focus","first-page":"e12","article-title":"Stereotactic radiosurgery for hypersecreting pituitary tumors: part of a multimodality approach","volume":"14","author":"Jane","year":"2003"},{"key":"b40-0290012","series-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1239","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2005-1616","article-title":"Conventional pituitary irradiation is effective in lowering serum growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor-I in patients with acromegaly","volume":"91","author":"Jenkins","year":"2006"},{"key":"b41-0290012","series-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2006.02513.x","article-title":"Gamma knife radiosurgery for acromegaly\u2014long-term experience","volume":"64","author":"Jezkov\u00e1","year":"2006"},{"key":"b42-0290012","series-title":"Minim Invasive Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2004-830261","article-title":"Image-guided stereotactic radiosurgery with the CyberKnife for pituitary adenomas","volume":"48","author":"Kajiwara","year":"2005"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"b43-0290012","series-title":"Stereotact Funct Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1159\/000056447","article-title":"Gamma Knife radiosurgery for functioning pituitary microadenoma","volume":"72","author":"Kim","year":"1999"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"b44-0290012","series-title":"Stereotact Funct Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1159\/000056445","article-title":"Gamma Knife radiosurgery for functioning pituitary adenomas","volume":"72","author":"Kim","year":"1999"},{"key":"b45-0290012","series-title":"Proc R Soc Med","first-page":"32","article-title":"Bragg peak proton treatment for pituitary-related conditions","volume":"67","author":"Kjellberg","year":"1974"},{"key":"b46-0290012","series-title":"Prog Neurol Surg","first-page":"77","article-title":"Long-term results of stereotactic gamma knife radiosurgery for pituitary adenomas. Specific strategies for different types of adenoma","volume":"22","author":"Kobayashi","year":"2009"},{"key":"b47-0290012","series-title":"Curr Opin Neurol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1097\/00019052-200412000-00009","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment of pituitary tumors","volume":"17","author":"Kreutzer","year":"2004"},{"key":"b48-0290012","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.2003.98.4.0719","article-title":"Assessment of long-term remission of acromegaly following surgery","volume":"98","author":"Krieger","year":"2003"},{"key":"b49-0290012","series-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1287","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.85.3.6464","article-title":"Octreotide may act as a radioprotective agent in acromegaly","volume":"85","author":"Landolt","year":"2000"},{"key":"b50-0290012","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1002","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1998.88.6.1002","article-title":"Stereotactic radiosurgery for recurrent surgically treated acromegaly: comparison with fractionated radiotherapy","volume":"88","author":"Landolt","year":"1998"},{"issue":"Suppl","key":"b51-0290012","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.3171\/sup.2006.105.7.31","article-title":"Gamma Knife surgery after fractionated radiotherapy for acromegaly","volume":"105","author":"Landolt","year":"2006"},{"key":"b52-0290012","series-title":"Rev Endocr Metab Disord","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1007\/s11154-007-9064-y","article-title":"Surgery for acromegaly: evolution of the techniques and outcomes","volume":"9","author":"Laws","year":"2008"},{"issue":"Suppl 3","key":"b53-0290012","series-title":"Horm Res","first-page":"71","article-title":"Pituitary surgery for the management of acromegaly","volume":"53","author":"Laws","year":"2000"},{"key":"b54-0290012","series-title":"J Clin Neurosci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2008.06.021","article-title":"Outcomes and cost-effectiveness of gamma knife radiosurgery and whole brain radiotherapy for multiple metastatic brain tumors","volume":"16","author":"Lee","year":"2009"},{"key":"b55-0290012","series-title":"Acta Chir Scand","first-page":"316","article-title":"The stereotaxic method and radiosurgery of the brain","volume":"102","author":"Leksell","year":"1951"},{"key":"b56-0290012","series-title":"Stereotact Funct Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1159\/000099553","article-title":"Heavy-charged-particle radiosurgery of the pituitary gland: clinical results of 840 patients","volume":"57","author":"Levy","year":"1991"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"b57-0290012","series-title":"Stereotact Funct Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1159\/000056412","article-title":"Four years' experiences in the treatment of pituitary adenomas with gamma knife radiosurgery","volume":"70","author":"Lim","year":"1998"},{"key":"b58-0290012","series-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2546","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2008-0135","article-title":"The role of stereotactic radiotherapy in patients with growth hormone-secreting pituitary adenoma","volume":"93","author":"Losa","year":"2008"},{"key":"b59-0290012","series-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01403492","article-title":"The choice of treatment after incomplete adenomectomy in acromegaly: proton\u2014versus high voltage radiation","volume":"96","author":"L\u00fcdecke","year":"1989"},{"key":"b60-0290012","series-title":"Pituitary","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1020794329975","article-title":"Gamma knife radiosurgery in the management of patients with acromegaly: a review","volume":"4","author":"Mahmoud-Ahmed","year":"2001"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"b61-0290012","series-title":"Stereotact Funct Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1159\/000056413","article-title":"Pituitary tumors and gamma knife surgery. Clinical experience with more than two years of follow-up","volume":"70","author":"Martinez","year":"1998"},{"key":"b62-0290012","series-title":"Curr Treat Options Neurol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1007\/s11940-009-0032-6","article-title":"Pituitary tumors","volume":"11","author":"Mathioudakis","year":"2009"},{"key":"b63-0290012","series-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1509","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2008-2421","article-title":"Guidelines for acromegaly management: an update","volume":"94","author":"Melmed","year":"2009"},{"key":"b64-0290012","series-title":"Pituitary","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1023369317275","article-title":"Current status and future opportunities for controlling acromegaly","volume":"5","author":"Melmed","year":"2002"},{"key":"b65-0290012","series-title":"Postgrad Med J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1136\/pmj.79.930.189","article-title":"Modern treatment of acromegaly","volume":"79","author":"Merza","year":"2003"},{"key":"b66-0290012","series-title":"Neurosurg Rev","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1007\/s10143-007-0072-x","article-title":"Radiotherapy for nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas: from conventional to modern stereotactic radiation techniques","volume":"30","author":"Minniti","year":"2007"},{"key":"b67-0290012","series-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2005.02199.x","article-title":"The long-term efficacy of conventional radiotherapy in patients with GH-secreting pituitary adenomas","volume":"62","author":"Minniti","year":"2005"},{"key":"b68-0290012","series-title":"Endocrine","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1385\/ENDO:28:1:077","article-title":"Treatment of pituitary tumors: radiation","volume":"28","author":"Mondok","year":"2005"},{"key":"b69-0290012","series-title":"Neuroendocrinology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1159\/000095538","article-title":"Is there still a role for radiotherapy in acromegaly?","volume":"83","author":"Monson","year":"2006"},{"key":"b70-0290012","series-title":"BMC Endocr Disord","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6823-9-20","article-title":"Clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of pegvisomant for the treatment of acromegaly: a systematic review and economic evaluation","volume":"9","author":"Moore","year":"2009"},{"key":"b71-0290012","series-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1007\/s007010050121","article-title":"Gamma-knife surgery for secreting pituitary adenomas","volume":"140","author":"Morange-Ramos","year":"1998"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"b72-0290012","series-title":"Stereotact Funct Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1159\/000056415","article-title":"Short-term endocrinological results after gamma knife surgery of pituitary adenomas","volume":"70","author":"Morange-Ramos","year":"1998"},{"key":"b73-0290012","series-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab","first-page":"3034","article-title":"Octreotide as primary therapy for acromegaly","volume":"83","author":"Newman","year":"1998"},{"key":"b74-0290012","series-title":"Eur J Endocrinol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.1.01863","article-title":"The outcome of surgery in 668 patients with acromegaly using current criteria of biochemical \u2018cure.\u2019","volume":"152","author":"Nomikos","year":"2005"},{"key":"b75-0290012","series-title":"J Endocrinol Invest","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03347337","article-title":"Scintigraphic imaging of pituitary adenomas: an in vivo evaluation of somatostatin receptors","volume":"21","author":"Oppizzi","year":"1998"},{"key":"b76-0290012","series-title":"Clin Neurosurg","first-page":"234","article-title":"Multimodality treatment of pituitary adenomas","volume":"52","author":"Oyesiku","year":"2005"},{"key":"b77-0290012","series-title":"Yonsei Med J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.3349\/ymj.1996.37.3.165","article-title":"Gamma knife surgery in pituitary microadenomas","volume":"37","author":"Park","year":"1996"},{"key":"b78-0290012","series-title":"J Clin Neurosci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2008.11.001","article-title":"Non-surgical management of hormone-secreting pituitary tumors","volume":"16","author":"Patil","year":"2009"},{"key":"b79-0290012","series-title":"Endocr Pract","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.4158\/EP.13.7.726","article-title":"Proton stereotactic radiosurgery in management of persistent acromegaly","volume":"13","author":"Petit","year":"2007"},{"key":"b80-0290012","series-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab","first-page":"157","article-title":"Octreotide long term treatment of acromegaly: effect of drug withdrawal on serum growth hormone\/insulin-like growth factor-I concentrations and on serum gastrin\/24-hour intragastric pH values","volume":"77","author":"Pl\u00f6ckinger","year":"1993"},{"key":"b81-0290012","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.2007.106.5.833","article-title":"Radiosurgery of growth hormone-producing pituitary adenomas: factors associated with biochemical remission","volume":"106","author":"Pollock","year":"2007"},{"key":"b82-0290012","series-title":"Acta Neurochir Suppl","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-7091-9371-6_7","article-title":"Stereotactic radiosurgery for pituitary adenomas: imaging, visual and endocrine results","volume":"62","author":"Pollock","year":"1994"},{"key":"b83-0290012","series-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab","first-page":"2068","article-title":"Outcome of radiotherapy for acromegaly using normalization of insulin-like growth factor I to define cure","volume":"85","author":"Powell","year":"2000"},{"key":"b84-0290012","series-title":"Pituitary","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1007\/s11102-007-0004-3","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of CyberKnife radiosurgery for acromegaly","volume":"10","author":"Roberts","year":"2007"},{"key":"b85-0290012","series-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)","article-title":"Efficacy and tolerability of gamma knife radiosurgery in acromegaly: a 10-year follow-up study","author":"Ronchi","year":"2009"},{"key":"b86-0290012","series-title":"Eur J Endocrinol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-07-0488","article-title":"Preliminary data on biochemical remission of acromegaly after somatostatin analogs withdrawal","volume":"158","author":"Ronchi","year":"2008"},{"key":"b87-0290012","series-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1337","DOI":"10.1016\/S0360-3016(00)00503-4","article-title":"The efficacy of conventional radiation therapy in the management of pituitary adenoma","volume":"47","author":"Sasaki","year":"2000"},{"issue":"Suppl","key":"b88-0290012","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.3171\/sup.2006.105.7.86","article-title":"Gamma Knife surgery for metastatic brain tumors without prophylactic whole-brain radiotherapy: results in 1000 consecutive cases","volume":"105","author":"Serizawa","year":"2006"},{"key":"b89-0290012","series-title":"Front Horm Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1159\/000091581","article-title":"Stereotactic radiosurgery for pituitary adenomas: a review of the literature and our experience","volume":"34","author":"Sheehan","year":"2006"},{"key":"b90-0290012","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"1239","article-title":"Transsphenoidal surgery for acromegaly: endocrinological follow-up of 98 patients","volume":"48","author":"Shimon","year":"2001"},{"key":"b91-0290012","series-title":"Nat Clin Pract Endocrinol Metab","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1038\/ncpendmet0948","article-title":"Does radiosurgery have a role in the treatment of acromegaly?","volume":"4","author":"Swearingen","year":"2008"},{"key":"b92-0290012","series-title":"Eur J Endocrinol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-09-0493","article-title":"Gamma knife radiosurgery: a safe and effective salvage treatment for pituitary tumours not controlled despite conventional radiotherapy","volume":"161","author":"Swords","year":"2009"},{"key":"b93-0290012","series-title":"Neurosurgery","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1227\/00006123-199111000-00004","article-title":"Stereotactic radiosurgery with the cobalt-60 gamma unit in the treatment of growth hormone-producing pituitary tumors","volume":"29","author":"Thor\u00e9n","year":"1991"},{"key":"b94-0290012","series-title":"Lancet","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)04006-X","article-title":"Association between premature mortality and hypopituitarism","volume":"357","author":"Tomlinson","year":"2001"},{"key":"b95-0290012","series-title":"Eur J Endocrinol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-07-0189","article-title":"Gamma knife stereotactic radiosurgery for acromegaly","volume":"157","author":"Vik-Mo","year":"2007"},{"key":"b96-0290012","series-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2265.2003.01706.x","article-title":"Radiotherapy in acromegaly: a protagonists viewpoint","volume":"58","author":"Wass","year":"2003"},{"key":"b97-0290012","series-title":"Hum Pathol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/S0046-8177(84)80329-9","article-title":"Delayed sequelae of pituitary irradiation","volume":"15","author":"Woodruff","year":"1984"},{"issue":"Suppl 3","key":"b98-0290012","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.2000.93.supplement_3.0006","article-title":"Radiosurgery for growth hormone-producing pituitary adenomas","volume":"93","author":"Zhang","year":"2000"},{"key":"b1-0290012","series-title":"Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1097\/MED.0b013e32832d88e4","article-title":"Recent advances in the treatment of acromegaly","volume":"16","author":"Aghi","year":"2009"},{"key":"b2-0290012","series-title":"Acta Otolaryngol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.3109\/00016488209130908","article-title":"Gamma irradiation effects on human growth hormone producing pituitary adenoma tissue. An analysis of morphology and hormone secretion in an in vitro model system","volume":"93","author":"Anniko","year":"1982"},{"issue":"10 Suppl","key":"b3-0290012","series-title":"J Endocrinol Invest","first-page":"36","article-title":"Therapy for the syndromes of GH excess","volume":"26","author":"Arosio","year":"2003"},{"key":"b4-0290012","series-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3105","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2002-021663","article-title":"Gamma-knife radiosurgery in acromegaly: a 4-year follow-up study","volume":"88","author":"Attanasio","year":"2003"},{"key":"b5-0290012","series-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2265.2003.01704.x","article-title":"Radiotherapy in acromegaly: the argument against","volume":"58","author":"Barkan","year":"2003"},{"key":"b6-0290012","series-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab","first-page":"3187","article-title":"Pituitary irradiation is ineffective in normalizing plasma insulin-like growth factor I in patients with acromegaly","volume":"82","author":"Barkan","year":"1997"},{"key":"b7-0290012","series-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3779","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.85.10.6870","article-title":"Hormonal and metabolic effects of radiotherapy in acromegaly: long-term results in 128 patients followed in a single center","volume":"85","author":"Barrande","year":"2000"},{"key":"b8-0290012","series-title":"Expert Rev Pharmacoecon Outcomes Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1586\/erp.09.17","article-title":"Cost-effectiveness of lanreotide Autogel in treatment algorithms of acromegaly","volume":"9","author":"Biermasz","year":"2009"},{"key":"b9-0290012","series-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2476","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.85.7.6699","article-title":"Long-term follow-up results of postoperative radiotherapy in 36 patients with acromegaly","volume":"85","author":"Biermasz","year":"2000"},{"key":"b10-0290012","series-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4596","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.85.12.7042","article-title":"Ten-year follow-up results of transsphenoidal microsurgery in acromegaly","volume":"85","author":"Biermasz","year":"2000"},{"key":"b11-0290012","series-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2004.02138.x","article-title":"Radiosurgery for pituitary adenomas","volume":"61","author":"Brada","year":"2004"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"b12-0290012","series-title":"Horm Res","first-page":"34","article-title":"ACROSTUDY: Status update on 469 patients","volume":"71","author":"Brue","year":"2009"},{"key":"b13-0290012","series-title":"Pituitary","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/s11102-007-0078-y","article-title":"Radiotherapy and radiosurgery in acromegaly","volume":"12","author":"Castinetti","year":"2009"},{"key":"b14-0290012","series-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3400","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2008-2772","article-title":"Long-term results of stereotactic radiosurgery in secretory pituitary adenomas","volume":"94","author":"Castinetti","year":"2009"},{"key":"b15-0290012","series-title":"Nat Rev Endocrinol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2010.4","article-title":"Role of stereotactic radiosurgery in the management of pituitary adenomas","volume":"6","author":"Castinetti","year":"2010"},{"key":"b16-0290012","series-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4483","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2005-0311","article-title":"Outcome of gamma knife radiosurgery in 82 patients with acromegaly: correlation with initial hypersecretion","volume":"90","author":"Castinetti","year":"2005"},{"key":"b17-0290012","series-title":"J Korean Neurosurg Soc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.3340\/jkns.2009.45.3.157","article-title":"Stereotactic radiosurgery with the CyberKnife for pituitary adenomas","volume":"45","author":"Cho","year":"2009"},{"key":"b18-0290012","series-title":"Neurosurgery","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"866","DOI":"10.1227\/01.NEU.0000209892.42585.9B","article-title":"Socioeconomic costs of open surgery and gamma knife radiosurgery for benign cranial base tumors","volume":"58","author":"Cho","year":"2006"},{"key":"b19-0290012","series-title":"Yonsei Med J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.3349\/ymj.2003.44.4.602","article-title":"Radiological and hormonal responses of functioning pituitary adenomas after gamma knife radiosurgery","volume":"44","author":"Choi","year":"2003"},{"key":"b20-0290012","series-title":"Eur J Endocrinol","first-page":"717","article-title":"Failure of radiotherapy in acromegaly","volume":"145","author":"Cozzi","year":"2001"},{"key":"b21-0290012","series-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"976","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2006-2112","article-title":"Mortality in patients treated for Cushing's disease is increased, compared with patients treated for nonfunctioning pituitary macroadenoma","volume":"92","author":"Dekkers","year":"2007"},{"key":"b22-0290012","series-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2007-1191","article-title":"Mortality in acromegaly: a metaanalysis","volume":"93","author":"Dekkers","year":"2008"},{"key":"b23-0290012","series-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2265.2001.01294.x","article-title":"Efficacy of radiotherapy in normalizing serum IGF-I, acid-labile subunit (ALS) and IGFBP-3 levels in acromegaly","volume":"55","author":"Epaminonda","year":"2001"},{"key":"b24-0290012","series-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4892","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2002-020526","article-title":"Risk factors for cerebrovascular deaths in patients operated and irradiated for pituitary tumors","volume":"87","author":"Erfurth","year":"2002"},{"key":"b25-0290012","series-title":"Pituitary","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1007\/s11102-005-3280-9","article-title":"Outcome of surgery for acromegaly performed by different surgeons: importance of surgical experience","volume":"8","author":"Erturk","year":"2005"},{"issue":"5 Suppl","key":"b26-0290012","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.2002.97.supplement_5.0415","article-title":"Effects of gamma knife radiosurgery of pituitary adenomas on pituitary function","volume":"97","author":"Feigl","year":"2002"},{"key":"b27-0290012","series-title":"Growth Horm IGF Res","first-page":"S144","article-title":"How effective are current therapies for acromegaly?","volume":"13 Suppl A","author":"Freda","year":"2003"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"b28-0290012","series-title":"Stereotact Funct Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1159\/000100657","article-title":"The effects of Gamma Knife surgery of pituitary adenomas on tumor growth and endocrinopathies","volume":"61","author":"Ganz","year":"1993"},{"key":"b29-0290012","series-title":"Rev Neurol","first-page":"15","article-title":"Un cas d'acromegalie trait\u00e8 pour la radioterapie","volume":"17","author":"Gramegna","year":"1909"},{"key":"b30-0290012","series-title":"Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2005-837552","article-title":"Gamma-knife surgery is effective in normalising plasma insulin-like growth factor I in patients with acromegaly","volume":"113","author":"Gutt","year":"2005"},{"key":"b31-0290012","series-title":"Expert Rev Anticancer Ther","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1507","DOI":"10.1586\/14737140.7.11.1507","article-title":"CyberKnife robotic radiosurgery system for tumor treatment","volume":"7","author":"Hara","year":"2007"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"b32-0290012","series-title":"Stereotact Funct Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1159\/000056446","article-title":"Gamma Knife radiosurgery for pituitary adenomas","volume":"72","author":"Hayashi","year":"1999"},{"key":"b33-0290012","series-title":"BMJ","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.1.5955.457-a","article-title":"Letter: Proton beam therapy for acromegaly","volume":"1","author":"Hockaday","year":"1975"},{"issue":"Suppl 3","key":"b34-0290012","series-title":"Horm Res","first-page":"79","article-title":"Treatment of acromegaly","volume":"62","author":"Holdaway","year":"2004"},{"key":"b35-0290012","series-title":"Can J Neurol Sci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1017\/S0317167100007800","article-title":"Outcome of stereotactic radiotherapy for patients with uncontrolled acromegaly","volume":"36","author":"Imran","year":"2009"},{"key":"b36-0290012","series-title":"Pituitary","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1009926122406","article-title":"Role of gamma knife radiosurgery in acromegaly","volume":"2","author":"Jackson","year":"1999"},{"key":"b37-0290012","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"1262","article-title":"Gamma knife radiosurgery for acromegaly: outcomes after failed transsphenoidal surgery","volume":"62","author":"Jagannathan","year":"2008"},{"key":"b38-0290012","series-title":"Pituitary","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1007\/s11102-007-0002-5","article-title":"Treatment of acromegaly: is there still a place for radiotherapy?","volume":"10","author":"Jallad","year":"2007"},{"issue":"5","key":"b39-0290012","series-title":"Neurosurg Focus","first-page":"e12","article-title":"Stereotactic radiosurgery for hypersecreting pituitary tumors: part of a multimodality approach","volume":"14","author":"Jane","year":"2003"},{"key":"b40-0290012","series-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1239","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2005-1616","article-title":"Conventional pituitary irradiation is effective in lowering serum growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor-I in patients with acromegaly","volume":"91","author":"Jenkins","year":"2006"},{"key":"b41-0290012","series-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2006.02513.x","article-title":"Gamma knife radiosurgery for acromegaly\u2014long-term experience","volume":"64","author":"Jezkov\u00e1","year":"2006"},{"key":"b42-0290012","series-title":"Minim Invasive Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2004-830261","article-title":"Image-guided stereotactic radiosurgery with the CyberKnife for pituitary adenomas","volume":"48","author":"Kajiwara","year":"2005"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"b43-0290012","series-title":"Stereotact Funct Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1159\/000056447","article-title":"Gamma Knife radiosurgery for functioning pituitary microadenoma","volume":"72","author":"Kim","year":"1999"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"b44-0290012","series-title":"Stereotact Funct Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1159\/000056445","article-title":"Gamma Knife radiosurgery for functioning pituitary adenomas","volume":"72","author":"Kim","year":"1999"},{"key":"b45-0290012","series-title":"Proc R Soc Med","first-page":"32","article-title":"Bragg peak proton treatment for pituitary-related conditions","volume":"67","author":"Kjellberg","year":"1974"},{"key":"b46-0290012","series-title":"Prog Neurol Surg","first-page":"77","article-title":"Long-term results of stereotactic gamma knife radiosurgery for pituitary adenomas. Specific strategies for different types of adenoma","volume":"22","author":"Kobayashi","year":"2009"},{"key":"b47-0290012","series-title":"Curr Opin Neurol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1097\/00019052-200412000-00009","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment of pituitary tumors","volume":"17","author":"Kreutzer","year":"2004"},{"key":"b48-0290012","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.2003.98.4.0719","article-title":"Assessment of long-term remission of acromegaly following surgery","volume":"98","author":"Krieger","year":"2003"},{"key":"b49-0290012","series-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1287","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.85.3.6464","article-title":"Octreotide may act as a radioprotective agent in acromegaly","volume":"85","author":"Landolt","year":"2000"},{"key":"b50-0290012","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1002","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1998.88.6.1002","article-title":"Stereotactic radiosurgery for recurrent surgically treated acromegaly: comparison with fractionated radiotherapy","volume":"88","author":"Landolt","year":"1998"},{"issue":"Suppl","key":"b51-0290012","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.3171\/sup.2006.105.7.31","article-title":"Gamma Knife surgery after fractionated radiotherapy for acromegaly","volume":"105","author":"Landolt","year":"2006"},{"key":"b52-0290012","series-title":"Rev Endocr Metab Disord","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1007\/s11154-007-9064-y","article-title":"Surgery for acromegaly: evolution of the techniques and outcomes","volume":"9","author":"Laws","year":"2008"},{"issue":"Suppl 3","key":"b53-0290012","series-title":"Horm Res","first-page":"71","article-title":"Pituitary surgery for the management of acromegaly","volume":"53","author":"Laws","year":"2000"},{"key":"b54-0290012","series-title":"J Clin Neurosci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2008.06.021","article-title":"Outcomes and cost-effectiveness of gamma knife radiosurgery and whole brain radiotherapy for multiple metastatic brain tumors","volume":"16","author":"Lee","year":"2009"},{"key":"b55-0290012","series-title":"Acta Chir Scand","first-page":"316","article-title":"The stereotaxic method and radiosurgery of the brain","volume":"102","author":"Leksell","year":"1951"},{"key":"b56-0290012","series-title":"Stereotact Funct Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1159\/000099553","article-title":"Heavy-charged-particle radiosurgery of the pituitary gland: clinical results of 840 patients","volume":"57","author":"Levy","year":"1991"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"b57-0290012","series-title":"Stereotact Funct Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1159\/000056412","article-title":"Four years' experiences in the treatment of pituitary adenomas with gamma knife radiosurgery","volume":"70","author":"Lim","year":"1998"},{"key":"b58-0290012","series-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2546","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2008-0135","article-title":"The role of stereotactic radiotherapy in patients with growth hormone-secreting pituitary adenoma","volume":"93","author":"Losa","year":"2008"},{"key":"b59-0290012","series-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01403492","article-title":"The choice of treatment after incomplete adenomectomy in acromegaly: proton\u2014versus high voltage radiation","volume":"96","author":"L\u00fcdecke","year":"1989"},{"key":"b60-0290012","series-title":"Pituitary","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1020794329975","article-title":"Gamma knife radiosurgery in the management of patients with acromegaly: a review","volume":"4","author":"Mahmoud-Ahmed","year":"2001"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"b61-0290012","series-title":"Stereotact Funct Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1159\/000056413","article-title":"Pituitary tumors and gamma knife surgery. Clinical experience with more than two years of follow-up","volume":"70","author":"Martinez","year":"1998"},{"key":"b62-0290012","series-title":"Curr Treat Options Neurol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1007\/s11940-009-0032-6","article-title":"Pituitary tumors","volume":"11","author":"Mathioudakis","year":"2009"},{"key":"b63-0290012","series-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1509","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2008-2421","article-title":"Guidelines for acromegaly management: an update","volume":"94","author":"Melmed","year":"2009"},{"key":"b64-0290012","series-title":"Pituitary","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1023369317275","article-title":"Current status and future opportunities for controlling acromegaly","volume":"5","author":"Melmed","year":"2002"},{"key":"b65-0290012","series-title":"Postgrad Med J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1136\/pmj.79.930.189","article-title":"Modern treatment of acromegaly","volume":"79","author":"Merza","year":"2003"},{"key":"b66-0290012","series-title":"Neurosurg Rev","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1007\/s10143-007-0072-x","article-title":"Radiotherapy for nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas: from conventional to modern stereotactic radiation techniques","volume":"30","author":"Minniti","year":"2007"},{"key":"b67-0290012","series-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2005.02199.x","article-title":"The long-term efficacy of conventional radiotherapy in patients with GH-secreting pituitary adenomas","volume":"62","author":"Minniti","year":"2005"},{"key":"b68-0290012","series-title":"Endocrine","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1385\/ENDO:28:1:077","article-title":"Treatment of pituitary tumors: radiation","volume":"28","author":"Mondok","year":"2005"},{"key":"b69-0290012","series-title":"Neuroendocrinology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1159\/000095538","article-title":"Is there still a role for radiotherapy in acromegaly?","volume":"83","author":"Monson","year":"2006"},{"key":"b70-0290012","series-title":"BMC Endocr Disord","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6823-9-20","article-title":"Clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of pegvisomant for the treatment of acromegaly: a systematic review and economic evaluation","volume":"9","author":"Moore","year":"2009"},{"key":"b71-0290012","series-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1007\/s007010050121","article-title":"Gamma-knife surgery for secreting pituitary adenomas","volume":"140","author":"Morange-Ramos","year":"1998"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"b72-0290012","series-title":"Stereotact Funct Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1159\/000056415","article-title":"Short-term endocrinological results after gamma knife surgery of pituitary adenomas","volume":"70","author":"Morange-Ramos","year":"1998"},{"key":"b73-0290012","series-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab","first-page":"3034","article-title":"Octreotide as primary therapy for acromegaly","volume":"83","author":"Newman","year":"1998"},{"key":"b74-0290012","series-title":"Eur J Endocrinol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.1.01863","article-title":"The outcome of surgery in 668 patients with acromegaly using current criteria of biochemical \u2018cure.\u2019","volume":"152","author":"Nomikos","year":"2005"},{"key":"b75-0290012","series-title":"J Endocrinol Invest","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03347337","article-title":"Scintigraphic imaging of pituitary adenomas: an in vivo evaluation of somatostatin receptors","volume":"21","author":"Oppizzi","year":"1998"},{"key":"b76-0290012","series-title":"Clin Neurosurg","first-page":"234","article-title":"Multimodality treatment of pituitary adenomas","volume":"52","author":"Oyesiku","year":"2005"},{"key":"b77-0290012","series-title":"Yonsei Med J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.3349\/ymj.1996.37.3.165","article-title":"Gamma knife surgery in pituitary microadenomas","volume":"37","author":"Park","year":"1996"},{"key":"b78-0290012","series-title":"J Clin Neurosci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2008.11.001","article-title":"Non-surgical management of hormone-secreting pituitary tumors","volume":"16","author":"Patil","year":"2009"},{"key":"b79-0290012","series-title":"Endocr Pract","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.4158\/EP.13.7.726","article-title":"Proton stereotactic radiosurgery in management of persistent acromegaly","volume":"13","author":"Petit","year":"2007"},{"key":"b80-0290012","series-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab","first-page":"157","article-title":"Octreotide long term treatment of acromegaly: effect of drug withdrawal on serum growth hormone\/insulin-like growth factor-I concentrations and on serum gastrin\/24-hour intragastric pH values","volume":"77","author":"Pl\u00f6ckinger","year":"1993"},{"key":"b81-0290012","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.2007.106.5.833","article-title":"Radiosurgery of growth hormone-producing pituitary adenomas: factors associated with biochemical remission","volume":"106","author":"Pollock","year":"2007"},{"key":"b82-0290012","series-title":"Acta Neurochir Suppl","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-7091-9371-6_7","article-title":"Stereotactic radiosurgery for pituitary adenomas: imaging, visual and endocrine results","volume":"62","author":"Pollock","year":"1994"},{"key":"b83-0290012","series-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab","first-page":"2068","article-title":"Outcome of radiotherapy for acromegaly using normalization of insulin-like growth factor I to define cure","volume":"85","author":"Powell","year":"2000"},{"key":"b84-0290012","series-title":"Pituitary","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1007\/s11102-007-0004-3","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of CyberKnife radiosurgery for acromegaly","volume":"10","author":"Roberts","year":"2007"},{"key":"b85-0290012","series-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)","article-title":"Efficacy and tolerability of gamma knife radiosurgery in acromegaly: a 10-year follow-up study","author":"Ronchi","year":"2009"},{"key":"b86-0290012","series-title":"Eur J Endocrinol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-07-0488","article-title":"Preliminary data on biochemical remission of acromegaly after somatostatin analogs withdrawal","volume":"158","author":"Ronchi","year":"2008"},{"key":"b87-0290012","series-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1337","DOI":"10.1016\/S0360-3016(00)00503-4","article-title":"The efficacy of conventional radiation therapy in the management of pituitary adenoma","volume":"47","author":"Sasaki","year":"2000"},{"issue":"Suppl","key":"b88-0290012","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.3171\/sup.2006.105.7.86","article-title":"Gamma Knife surgery for metastatic brain tumors without prophylactic whole-brain radiotherapy: results in 1000 consecutive cases","volume":"105","author":"Serizawa","year":"2006"},{"key":"b89-0290012","series-title":"Front Horm Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1159\/000091581","article-title":"Stereotactic radiosurgery for pituitary adenomas: a review of the literature and our experience","volume":"34","author":"Sheehan","year":"2006"},{"key":"b90-0290012","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"1239","article-title":"Transsphenoidal surgery for acromegaly: endocrinological follow-up of 98 patients","volume":"48","author":"Shimon","year":"2001"},{"key":"b91-0290012","series-title":"Nat Clin Pract Endocrinol Metab","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1038\/ncpendmet0948","article-title":"Does radiosurgery have a role in the treatment of acromegaly?","volume":"4","author":"Swearingen","year":"2008"},{"key":"b92-0290012","series-title":"Eur J Endocrinol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-09-0493","article-title":"Gamma knife radiosurgery: a safe and effective salvage treatment for pituitary tumours not controlled despite conventional radiotherapy","volume":"161","author":"Swords","year":"2009"},{"key":"b93-0290012","series-title":"Neurosurgery","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1227\/00006123-199111000-00004","article-title":"Stereotactic radiosurgery with the cobalt-60 gamma unit in the treatment of growth hormone-producing pituitary tumors","volume":"29","author":"Thor\u00e9n","year":"1991"},{"key":"b94-0290012","series-title":"Lancet","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)04006-X","article-title":"Association between premature mortality and hypopituitarism","volume":"357","author":"Tomlinson","year":"2001"},{"key":"b95-0290012","series-title":"Eur J Endocrinol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-07-0189","article-title":"Gamma knife stereotactic radiosurgery for acromegaly","volume":"157","author":"Vik-Mo","year":"2007"},{"key":"b96-0290012","series-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2265.2003.01706.x","article-title":"Radiotherapy in acromegaly: a protagonists viewpoint","volume":"58","author":"Wass","year":"2003"},{"key":"b97-0290012","series-title":"Hum Pathol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/S0046-8177(84)80329-9","article-title":"Delayed sequelae of pituitary irradiation","volume":"15","author":"Woodruff","year":"1984"},{"issue":"Suppl 3","key":"b98-0290012","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.2000.93.supplement_3.0006","article-title":"Radiosurgery for growth hormone-producing pituitary adenomas","volume":"93","author":"Zhang","year":"2000"}],"container-title":["Neurosurgical Focus"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/view\/journals\/neurosurg-focus\/29\/4\/2010.7.focus10124.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/neurosurg-focus\/29\/4\/2010.7.focus10124.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/neurosurg-focus\/29\/4\/2010.7.focus10124.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,30]],"date-time":"2026-05-30T08:40:43Z","timestamp":1780130443000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/view\/journals\/neurosurg-focus\/29\/4\/2010.7.focus10124.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,10]]},"references-count":196,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/2010.7.focus10124","relation":{},"ISSN":["1092-0684"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1092-0684","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,10]]}}}