{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,30]],"date-time":"2026-05-30T09:04:47Z","timestamp":1780131887474,"version":"3.54.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["FOC"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Paleoneurosurgery represents a comparatively new developing direction of neurosurgery dealing with archaeological skull and spine finds and studying their neurosurgical aspects. Artificial skull deformation, as a bone artifact, naturally has been one of the main paleoneurosurgical research topics. Traditionally, the relevant neurosurgical literature has analyzed in detail the intentional skull deformations in South America's tribes. However, little is known about the artificial skull deformations of the Proto-Bulgarians, and what information exists is mostly due to anthropological studies. The Proto-Bulgarians originated from Central Asia, and distributed their skull deformation ritual on the Balkan Peninsula by their migration and domination. Proto-Bulgarian artificial skull deformation was an erect or oblique form of the anular type, and was achieved by 1 or 2 pressure bandages that were tightened around a newborn's head for a sufficiently long period. The intentional skull deformation in Proto-Bulgarians was not associated with neurological deficits and\/or mental retardation. No indirect signs of chronic elevated intracranial pressure were found on the 3D CT reconstruction of the artificially deformed skulls.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3171\/2010.9.focus10193","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,12,1]],"date-time":"2010-12-01T10:00:28Z","timestamp":1291197628000},"page":"E3","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Paleoneurosurgical aspects of Proto-Bulgarian artificial skull deformations"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Yavor","family":"Enchev","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University-Sofia;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Grigoriy","family":"Nedelkov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, University Hospital \u201cTzaritza Ioanna,\u201d Medical University-Sofia; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nadezhda","family":"Atanassova-Timeva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology, Institute of Experimental Morphology and Anthropology with Museum, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jordan","family":"Jordanov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology, Institute of Experimental Morphology and Anthropology with Museum, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"key":"b1-0290003","series-title":"Am J Phys Anthropol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330790213","article-title":"Intentional cranial vault deformation and induced changes of the cranial base and face","volume":"79","author":"Anton","year":"1989"},{"key":"b2-0290003","series-title":"J Hum Evol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1006\/jhev.1998.0266","article-title":"Artificial cranial deformation and fossil Australians revisited","volume":"36","author":"Ant\u00f3n","year":"1999"},{"key":"b3-0290003","series-title":"Interdiscip Res","first-page":"5","article-title":"[Problems of the biological reconstruction of the population that has lived on our territory.]","volume":"2","author":"Boev","year":"1978"},{"key":"b4-0290003","series-title":"Interdiscip Res","first-page":"5","article-title":"[Anthropological study of an artificially deformed skull, excavated in Krivina village, Rousse district.]","author":"Boev","year":"1980"},{"key":"b5-0290003","series-title":"Interdiscip Res","first-page":"5","article-title":"[Artificially deformed skull from a late antiquity necropolis in Kabile.]","author":"Cholakov","year":"1980"},{"key":"b6-0290003","series-title":"Artificial Cranial Deformation: A Contribution to the Study of Ethnic Mutilations","author":"Dingwall","year":"1931"},{"key":"b7-0290003","series-title":"Turk Neurosurg","first-page":"58","article-title":"Operative technique for calvarial reconstruction of sagittal craniosynostosis","volume":"19","author":"Georgiev","year":"2009"},{"key":"b8-0290003","series-title":"Neurosurgery","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1227\/00006123-199509000-00002","article-title":"Intentional cranial deformation: a disappearing form of self-mutilation","volume":"37","author":"Gerszten","year":"1995"},{"key":"b9-0290003","series-title":"An Mus Nac Hist Nat Bernardino Rivadavia","first-page":"209","article-title":"Los pueblos deformadores de los Andes. La deformaci\u00f3n intencional de la cabeza como arte y como elemento diagn\u00f3stico de las culturas","volume":"37","author":"Imbelloni","year":"1933"},{"key":"b10-0290003","series-title":"Anat Anz","first-page":"327","article-title":"[Asymmetry in artificially deformed skulls from a Protobulgarian mass grave of the 9th century.]","volume":"140","author":"Kadanoff","year":"1976"},{"key":"b11-0290003","series-title":"Interdiscip Res","first-page":"3","article-title":"[Unnaturally deformed skulls from the necropolis in the village of Kyulevcha, Shumen county.]","author":"Kondova","year":"1979"},{"key":"b12-0290003","series-title":"Neurosurgery","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1137","DOI":"10.1227\/01.NEU.0000255462.99516.B0","article-title":"New World cranial deformation practices: historical implications for pathophysiology of cognitive impairment in deformational plagiocephaly","volume":"60","author":"Lekovic","year":"2007"},{"key":"b13-0290003","series-title":"Interdiscip Res","first-page":"5","article-title":"[Artificially deformed skull excavated in Varna.]","author":"Minkov","year":"1980"},{"key":"b14-0290003","series-title":"Am J Phys Anthropol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330160302","article-title":"The pathogenesis of artificial cranial deformation","volume":"16","author":"Moss","year":"1958"},{"key":"b15-0290003","series-title":"Am J Phys Anthropol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.20333","article-title":"Influence of cranial deformation on facial morphology among prehistoric South Central Andean populations","volume":"130","author":"Rhode","year":"2006"},{"key":"b16-0290003","series-title":"Childs Nerv Syst","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-004-1127-8","article-title":"Artificial cranial deformation in newborns in the pre-Columbian Andes","volume":"21","author":"Schijman","year":"2005"},{"key":"b17-0290003","series-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1007\/s00701-008-0025-3","article-title":"Frontoethmoidal encephalocele in a historical skull with artificial deformation and no signs of chronic elevated intracranial pressure","volume":"150","author":"Weber","year":"2008"},{"key":"b18-0290003","series-title":"Turk J Med Sci","first-page":"505","article-title":"A study on the interparietal bone in man","volume":"28","author":"Y\u00fccel","year":"1998"},{"key":"b1-0290003","series-title":"Am J Phys Anthropol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330790213","article-title":"Intentional cranial vault deformation and induced changes of the cranial base and face","volume":"79","author":"Anton","year":"1989"},{"key":"b2-0290003","series-title":"J Hum Evol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1006\/jhev.1998.0266","article-title":"Artificial cranial deformation and fossil Australians revisited","volume":"36","author":"Ant\u00f3n","year":"1999"},{"key":"b3-0290003","series-title":"Interdiscip Res","first-page":"5","article-title":"[Problems of the biological reconstruction of the population that has lived on our territory.]","volume":"2","author":"Boev","year":"1978"},{"key":"b4-0290003","series-title":"Interdiscip Res","first-page":"5","article-title":"[Anthropological study of an artificially deformed skull, excavated in Krivina village, Rousse district.]","author":"Boev","year":"1980"},{"key":"b5-0290003","series-title":"Interdiscip Res","first-page":"5","article-title":"[Artificially deformed skull from a late antiquity necropolis in Kabile.]","author":"Cholakov","year":"1980"},{"key":"b6-0290003","series-title":"Artificial Cranial Deformation: A Contribution to the Study of Ethnic Mutilations","author":"Dingwall","year":"1931"},{"key":"b7-0290003","series-title":"Turk Neurosurg","first-page":"58","article-title":"Operative technique for calvarial reconstruction of sagittal craniosynostosis","volume":"19","author":"Georgiev","year":"2009"},{"key":"b8-0290003","series-title":"Neurosurgery","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1227\/00006123-199509000-00002","article-title":"Intentional cranial deformation: a disappearing form of self-mutilation","volume":"37","author":"Gerszten","year":"1995"},{"key":"b9-0290003","series-title":"An Mus Nac Hist Nat Bernardino Rivadavia","first-page":"209","article-title":"Los pueblos deformadores de los Andes. La deformaci\u00f3n intencional de la cabeza como arte y como elemento diagn\u00f3stico de las culturas","volume":"37","author":"Imbelloni","year":"1933"},{"key":"b10-0290003","series-title":"Anat Anz","first-page":"327","article-title":"[Asymmetry in artificially deformed skulls from a Protobulgarian mass grave of the 9th century.]","volume":"140","author":"Kadanoff","year":"1976"},{"key":"b11-0290003","series-title":"Interdiscip Res","first-page":"3","article-title":"[Unnaturally deformed skulls from the necropolis in the village of Kyulevcha, Shumen county.]","author":"Kondova","year":"1979"},{"key":"b12-0290003","series-title":"Neurosurgery","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1137","DOI":"10.1227\/01.NEU.0000255462.99516.B0","article-title":"New World cranial deformation practices: historical implications for pathophysiology of cognitive impairment in deformational plagiocephaly","volume":"60","author":"Lekovic","year":"2007"},{"key":"b13-0290003","series-title":"Interdiscip Res","first-page":"5","article-title":"[Artificially deformed skull excavated in Varna.]","author":"Minkov","year":"1980"},{"key":"b14-0290003","series-title":"Am J Phys Anthropol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330160302","article-title":"The pathogenesis of artificial cranial deformation","volume":"16","author":"Moss","year":"1958"},{"key":"b15-0290003","series-title":"Am J Phys Anthropol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.20333","article-title":"Influence of cranial deformation on facial morphology among prehistoric South Central Andean populations","volume":"130","author":"Rhode","year":"2006"},{"key":"b16-0290003","series-title":"Childs Nerv Syst","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-004-1127-8","article-title":"Artificial cranial deformation in newborns in the pre-Columbian Andes","volume":"21","author":"Schijman","year":"2005"},{"key":"b17-0290003","series-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1007\/s00701-008-0025-3","article-title":"Frontoethmoidal encephalocele in a historical skull with artificial deformation and no signs of chronic elevated intracranial pressure","volume":"150","author":"Weber","year":"2008"},{"key":"b18-0290003","series-title":"Turk J Med Sci","first-page":"505","article-title":"A study on the interparietal bone in man","volume":"28","author":"Y\u00fccel","year":"1998"}],"container-title":["Neurosurgical Focus"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/view\/journals\/neurosurg-focus\/29\/6\/2010.9.focus10193.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/neurosurg-focus\/29\/6\/2010.9.focus10193.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/neurosurg-focus\/29\/6\/2010.9.focus10193.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,30]],"date-time":"2026-05-30T08:40:23Z","timestamp":1780130423000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/view\/journals\/neurosurg-focus\/29\/6\/2010.9.focus10193.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,12]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/2010.9.focus10193","relation":{},"ISSN":["1092-0684"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1092-0684","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,12]]}}}