{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,11]],"date-time":"2026-07-11T13:03:38Z","timestamp":1783775018544,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JNS"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,3]]},"abstract":"\nObject<\/jats:title>\nThe morbidity associated with resection of tumors in the cingulate gyrus (CG) is not well established. The goal of the present study is to define the short- and long-term morbidity profile associated with resection of gliomas within this region.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>\n\nMethods<\/jats:title>\nNinety consecutive patients with gliomas involving the CG were analyzed. Resections were classified by zones corresponding to functionally defined regions of the CG as follows: Zone I (perigenual, anterior), Zone II (midcingulate), Zone III (posterior), and Zone IV (retrosplenial). Basic demographic, imaging, operative details, and pre- and postoperative neurological examinations were recorded for each patient. Patients in whom neurological morbidity was documented during their initial postoperative examination who did not completely improve by the 6-month follow-up examination were considered to have a permanent deficit. For each patient with surgery-related morbidity, postoperative MR imaging and operative notes were reviewed, and the cortical regions incorporated in the surgical trajectory were recorded. The analysis was carried out for tumors confined to the CG (> 90% of tumor contained within the CG) as well as those involving the CG but extending into adjacent cortical structures.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>\n\nResults<\/jats:title>\nAnalysis of the entire patient cohort demonstrated that 29% of patients experienced a new or worsened neurological deficit immediately after surgery. The most common deficits were supplementary motor area (SMA) syndrome (20%), weakness (6%), and sensory changes (2%). All patients with an SMA syndrome in our series had intentional resection of SMA as part of the surgical approach. Patients with resections including Zone II or III had a higher rate of total morbidity and SMA syndrome than patients with Zone I resections (p < 0.05). Only 4% of patients had a persistent neurological deficit at 6 months postoperatively. A similar morbidity profile was observed in the subset analysis of patients with tumors confined to the CG, with no additional morbidity related to known cingulate-specific functions.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>\n\nConclusions<\/jats:title>\nResection of gliomas involving the CG can be performed with minimal, predictable long-term morbidity (< 5%). Surgical morbidity is primarily a function of surgical trajectory rather than the particular cingulate region resected.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3171\/2010.9.jns10709","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,10,8]],"date-time":"2010-10-08T12:54:31Z","timestamp":1286542471000},"page":"640-647","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Assessment of morbidity following resection of cingulate gyrus gliomas"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"114","author":[{"given":"Matthew C.","family":"Tate","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, California; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chae-Yong","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edward F.","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, California; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mei-Yin","family":"Polley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, California; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mitchel S.","family":"Berger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, California; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"key":"b1-jns10709","series-title":"Br J Neurosurg","first-page":"204","article-title":"Post operative supplementary motor area syndrome: clinical features and outcome","volume":"14","author":"Bannur","year":"2000"},{"key":"b2-jns10709","series-title":"Exp Neurol","first-page":"492","article-title":"Cortical neurons projecting to the cervical and lumbar enlargements of the spinal cord in young and adult rhesus monkeys","volume":"59","author":"Biber","year":"1978"},{"key":"b3-jns10709","series-title":"J Neurosurg","article-title":"Supratentorial cavernous malformations in eloquent and deep locations: surgical approaches and outcomes. Clinical article","author":"Chang"},{"key":"b4-jns10709","series-title":"Biol Psychiatry","first-page":"e53","article-title":"Deep brain stimulation in the subgenual cingulate cortex for an intractable eating disorder","volume":"67","author":"Isra\u00ebl","year":"2010"},{"key":"b5-jns10709","author":"Laitinen","year":"1973"},{"key":"b6-jns10709","series-title":"J Neurophysiol","first-page":"445","article-title":"Effects of anterior cingulate stimulation in conscious human subjects","volume":"23","author":"Lewin","year":"1960"},{"key":"b7-jns10709","series-title":"J Comp Neurol","first-page":"471","article-title":"Cingulate input to the primary and supplementary motor cortices in the rhesus monkey: evidence for somatotopy in areas 24c and 23c","volume":"322","author":"Morecraft","year":"1992"},{"key":"b8-jns10709","series-title":"Brain Res Bull","first-page":"209","article-title":"Convergence of limbic input to the cingulate motor cortex in the rhesus monkey","volume":"45","author":"Morecraft","year":"1998"},{"key":"b9-jns10709","series-title":"The Human Nervous System","author":"Paxinos","year":"2004"},{"issue":"6 Suppl 3","key":"b10-jns10709","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"957","article-title":"Cingulotomy for psychiatric disease: microelectrode guidance, a callosal reference system for documenting lesion location, and clinical results","volume":"62","author":"Richter","year":"2008"},{"key":"b11-jns10709","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"62","article-title":"Postoperative deficits and functional recovery following removal of tumors involving the dominant hemisphere supplementary motor area","volume":"75","author":"Rostomily","year":"1991"},{"key":"b12-jns10709","series-title":"Curr Opin Neurobiol","first-page":"220","article-title":"Functional organization of the medial frontal cortex","volume":"17","author":"Rushworth","year":"2007"},{"key":"b13-jns10709","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"506","article-title":"Incidence and clinical evolution of postoperative deficits after volumetric stereotactic resection of glial neoplasms involving the supplementary motor area","volume":"52","author":"Russell","year":"2003"},{"issue":"2","key":"b14-jns10709","series-title":"Neurosurg Focus","first-page":"E1","article-title":"Intraoperative stimulation techniques for functional pathway preservation and glioma resection","volume":"28","author":"Sanai","year":"2010"},{"key":"b15-jns10709","series-title":"Biol Psychiatry","first-page":"670","article-title":"Anterior cingulotomy for major depression: clinical outcome and relationship to lesion characteristics","volume":"63","author":"Steele","year":"2008"},{"key":"b16-jns10709","series-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)","first-page":"137","article-title":"Fronto-mesial WHO grade II and III gliomas: specific aspects of tumours arising from the anterior cingulate gyrus","volume":"151","author":"Steiger","year":"2009"},{"key":"b17-jns10709","series-title":"Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol","first-page":"45","article-title":"The cingulate gyrus and human behaviour","volume":"34","author":"Talairach","year":"1973"},{"key":"b18-jns10709","series-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci","first-page":"533","article-title":"Pain and emotion interactions in subregions of the cingulate gyrus","volume":"6","author":"Vogt","year":"2005"},{"key":"b19-jns10709","series-title":"Neurobiology of Cingulate Cortex and Limbic Thalamus: A Comprehensive Handbook","author":"Vogt","year":"1993"},{"issue":"2","key":"b20-jns10709","series-title":"Neurosurg Focus","first-page":"E9","article-title":"Gliomas of the cingulate gyrus: surgical management and functional outcome","volume":"27","author":"von Lehe","year":"2009"},{"key":"b21-jns10709","series-title":"Microneurosurgery, Vol 1","author":"Ya\u015fargil","year":"1987"},{"key":"b22-jns10709","series-title":"J Clin Neurosci","first-page":"214","article-title":"Impact of bilateral anterior cingulotomy on neurocognitive function in patients with intractable pain","volume":"16","author":"Yen","year":"2009"}],"container-title":["Journal of Neurosurgery"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/view\/journals\/j-neurosurg\/114\/3\/article-p640.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/j-neurosurg\/114\/3\/article-p640.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/j-neurosurg\/114\/3\/article-p640.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,27]],"date-time":"2023-03-27T05:55:01Z","timestamp":1679896501000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/view\/journals\/j-neurosurg\/114\/3\/article-p640.xml"}},"subtitle":["Clinical article"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,3]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/2010.9.jns10709","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-3085","1933-0693"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-3085","type":"print"},{"value":"1933-0693","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,3]]}}}