{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,15]],"date-time":"2023-04-15T16:10:44Z","timestamp":1681575044428},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PED"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Object<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Cerebral palsy (CP) arises in the early stages of brain development and manifests as spastic paresis that is often associated with cognitive dysfunction. Available CP treatments are aimed at the management of spasticity and include botulinum toxin administration, selective dorsal rhizotomy, and intrathecal baclofen (ITB). In this study, the authors investigated whether the management of spasticity with ITB therapy affected motor function and whether the release of spasticity was associated with an improvement in intellectual function.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Newborn Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into the following groups: control, CP model, and CP model with ITB therapy. For the CP model, postnatal Day 7 (P7) rats were exposed to hypoxic conditions (8% O<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>) for 150 minutes after ligation of the right common carotid artery. In the groups receiving ITB therapy, a spinal catheter was connected to an osmotic pump filled with baclofen and placed in the spinal subarachnoid space on P21 in the early group and on P35 in the late group. A daily dose of 12 \u03bcg of baclofen was continuously administered until P49, resulting in 28 days of therapy in the early group and 14 days in the late group. Changes in spasticity in the CP and CP with ITB treatment groups were confirmed by assessing the motor evoked potential in the plantar muscle.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>In the CP group, the time required to complete a beam-walking test on P49 was significantly longer than that in the control and ITB treatment groups (4.15 \u00b1 0.60 vs 2.10 \u00b1 0.18 and 2.22 \u00b1 0.22 seconds, respectively). Results of the beam-walking test are expressed as the mean \u00b1 SD. Radial arm maze performance on P49 indicated that spatial reference memory had significantly deteriorated in the CP group compared with controls (2.33 \u00b1 0.87 vs 0.86 \u00b1 0.90 points); moreover, working memory was also negatively affected by CP (0.78 \u00b1 1.09 vs 0.14 \u00b1 0.38 points). Results of the memory tests are expressed as the mean \u00b1 SE. These memory functions did not recover after ITB treatment.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Management of spasticity with ITB therapy improved the walking ability in the rat CP model. Intrathecal baclofen therapy\u2014which reduces harmful sensory and motor stimulations caused by spasticity to more optimal levels\u2014contributed to motor function recovery; however, it had no effect on intellectual recovery as assessed by memory performance in the rat CP model.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3171\/2011.10.peds11209","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,1]],"date-time":"2012-02-01T16:41:15Z","timestamp":1328114475000},"page":"209-215","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Effects of intrathecal baclofen therapy on motor and cognitive functions in a rat model of cerebral palsy"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Sadahiro","family":"Nomura","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurosurgery,"},{"name":"Consortium of Advanced Epilepsy Treatment, Kitakyushu, Ube and Hamamatsu, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yoshiteru","family":"Kagawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Organ Anatomy, and"},{"name":"Department of Laboratory Science, Faculty of Health Science, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube; and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hiroyuki","family":"Kida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"System Neuroscience, Yamaguchi University School of Medicine;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuichi","family":"Maruta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurosurgery,"},{"name":"Consortium of Advanced Epilepsy Treatment, Kitakyushu, Ube and Hamamatsu, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hirochika","family":"Imoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurosurgery,"},{"name":"Consortium of Advanced Epilepsy Treatment, Kitakyushu, Ube and Hamamatsu, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Masami","family":"Fujii","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurosurgery,"},{"name":"Consortium of Advanced Epilepsy Treatment, Kitakyushu, Ube and Hamamatsu, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michiyasu","family":"Suzuki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurosurgery,"},{"name":"Consortium of Advanced Epilepsy Treatment, Kitakyushu, Ube and Hamamatsu, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"key":"b1-0090209","series-title":"UCLA Forum Med Sci","first-page":"41","article-title":"Effects of interference with cerebellar maturation on the development of locomotion. An experimental model of neurobehavioral retardation","volume":"18","author":"Altman","year":"1975"},{"key":"b2-0090209","series-title":"Stroke","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2185","DOI":"10.1161\/hs0901.094287","article-title":"Simvastatin protects against long-lasting behavioral and morphological consequences of neonatal hypoxic\/ischemic brain injury","volume":"32","author":"Balduini","year":"2001"},{"key":"b3-0090209","series-title":"Neurology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1432","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000239827.38036.23","article-title":"Effect of intrathecal baclofen on sleep and respiratory function in patients with spasticity","volume":"67","author":"Bensmail","year":"2006"},{"key":"b4-0090209","series-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1053\/apmr.2003.50030","article-title":"Oral motor, communication, and nutritional status of children during intrathecal baclofen therapy: a descriptive pilot study","volume":"84","author":"Bjornson","year":"2003"},{"key":"b5-0090209","series-title":"J Neurol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-009-5019-4","article-title":"Bifocal extradural cortical stimulation-induced recovery of consciousness in the permanent post-traumatic vegetative state","volume":"256","author":"Canavero","year":"2009"},{"key":"b6-0090209","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1993.78.2.0226","article-title":"Intrathecal baclofen for intractable spasticity of spinal origin: results of a long-term multicenter study","volume":"78","author":"Coffey","year":"1993"},{"key":"b7-0090209","series-title":"Eur J Neurosci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1413","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.1993.tb00927.x","article-title":"Covariations between hippocampal mossy fibres and working and reference memory in spatial and non-spatial radial maze tasks in mice","volume":"5","author":"Crusio","year":"1993"},{"key":"b8-0090209","series-title":"Acta Neurochir Suppl","first-page":"461","article-title":"Relationship between intrathecal baclofen and the central nervous system","volume":"97","author":"Dario","year":"2007"},{"key":"b9-0090209","series-title":"Scientific Foundations of Paediatrics","first-page":"744","article-title":"The later development of the brain and its vulnerability","author":"Dobbing","year":"1981"},{"key":"b10-0090209","series-title":"Childs Nerv Syst","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-007-0398-2","article-title":"Selective dorsal rhizotomies in the treatment of spasticity related to cerebral palsy","volume":"23","author":"Farmer","year":"2007"},{"key":"b11-0090209","series-title":"Stereotact Funct Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1159\/000314354","article-title":"Vegetative state and minimally conscious state: a review of the therapeutic interventions","volume":"88","author":"Georgiopoulos","year":"2010"},{"key":"b12-0090209","series-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Br","first-page":"472","article-title":"Lengthening of the calcaneal tendon in spastic hemiplegia by the White slide technique. A long-term review","volume":"70","author":"Graham","year":"1988"},{"key":"b13-0090209","series-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2005.05.018","article-title":"A clinical study of intrathecal baclofen using a programmable pump for intractable spasticity","volume":"86","author":"Guillaume","year":"2005"},{"key":"b14-0090209","series-title":"Neurosci Lett","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2006.04.048","article-title":"Development of baclofen tolerance in a rat model of chronic spasticity and rigidity","volume":"403","author":"Hefferan","year":"2006"},{"key":"b15-0090209","series-title":"Dev Disabil Res Rev","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1002\/ddrr.64","article-title":"Plasticity in the developing brain: implications for rehabilitation","volume":"15","author":"Johnston","year":"2009"},{"key":"b16-0090209","series-title":"Neuroscience","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1569","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2006.04.083","article-title":"Development of GABA-sensitive spasticity and rigidity in rats after transient spinal cord ischemia: a qualitative and quantitative electrophysiological and histopathological study","volume":"141","author":"Kakinohana","year":"2006"},{"key":"b17-0090209","series-title":"Neuromodulation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-1403.2009.00185.x","article-title":"Dorsal column stimulation in persistent vegetative state","volume":"12","author":"Kanno","year":"2009"},{"key":"b18-0090209","series-title":"Exp Toxicol Pathol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1078\/0940-2993-00301","article-title":"Behavioral phenotyping of mice in pharmacological and toxicological research","volume":"55","author":"Karl","year":"2003"},{"key":"b19-0090209","series-title":"J Speech Lang Hear Res","first-page":"S225","article-title":"Principles of experience-dependent neural plasticity: implications for rehabilitation after brain damage","volume":"51","author":"Kleim","year":"2008"},{"key":"b20-0090209","series-title":"Neurorehabil Neural Repair","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968308317700","article-title":"Limitations of intrathecal baclofen for spastic hemiparesis following stroke","volume":"23","author":"Kofler","year":"2009"},{"key":"b21-0090209","series-title":"Front Hum Neurosci","first-page":"204","article-title":"Factors influencing cerebral plasticity in the normal and injured brain","volume":"4","author":"Kolb","year":"2010"},{"key":"b22-0090209","series-title":"J Neurotrauma","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1348","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2005.22.1348","article-title":"Measurement of peripheral muscle resistance in rats with chronic ischemia-induced paraplegia or morphine-induced rigidity using a semi-automated computer-controlled muscle resistance meter","volume":"22","author":"Marsala","year":"2005"},{"key":"b23-0090209","series-title":"Behav Neurosci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1037\/0735-7044.101.6.782","article-title":"Short- and long-term components of working memory in the rat","volume":"101","author":"Mizumori","year":"1987"},{"key":"b24-0090209","series-title":"Anesth Analg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1389","DOI":"10.1097\/00000539-200211000-00053","article-title":"The effect of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor drugs on morphine-induced spastic paraparesis after a noninjurious interval of spinal cord ischemia in rats","volume":"95","author":"Nakamura","year":"2002"},{"key":"b25-0090209","series-title":"Lancet","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1078","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(84)91487-9","article-title":"Intrathecal baclofen alleviates spinal cord spasticity","volume":"323","author":"Penn","year":"1984"},{"key":"b26-0090209","series-title":"Cereb Cortex","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2080","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhp281","article-title":"Functional deficit and recovery of developing sensorimotor networks following neonatal hypoxic-ischemic injury in the rat","volume":"20","author":"Quairiaux","year":"2010"},{"key":"b27-0090209","series-title":"Ann Neurol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410090206","article-title":"The influence of immaturity on hypoxic-ischemic brain damage in the rat","volume":"9","author":"Rice","year":"1981"},{"key":"b28-0090209","series-title":"Anesthesiology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-200308000-00027","article-title":"Age-dependent responses to thermal hyperalgesia and mechanical allodynia in a rat model of acute postoperative pain","volume":"99","author":"Ririe","year":"2003"},{"key":"b29-0090209","series-title":"J Neurol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-005-0060-4","article-title":"Long-term intrathecal baclofen therapy in ambulatory patients with spasticity","volume":"253","author":"Sadiq","year":"2006"},{"key":"b30-0090209","series-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2009.01.012","article-title":"Intrathecal baclofen in patients with persistent vegetative state: 2 hypotheses","volume":"90","author":"Sar\u00e0","year":"2009"},{"key":"b31-0090209","series-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2008.04123.x","article-title":"Central thalamic deep-brain stimulation in the severely injured brain: rationale and proposed mechanisms of action","volume":"1157","author":"Schiff","year":"2009"},{"key":"b32-0090209","series-title":"Childs Nerv Syst","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-007-0399-1","article-title":"Selective peripheral neurotomy (SPN) for spasticity in childhood","volume":"23","author":"Sindou","year":"2007"},{"key":"b33-0090209","series-title":"Anesthesiology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1141","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-199012000-00012","article-title":"Differential cross-tolerance between intrathecal morphine and sufentanil in the rat","volume":"73","author":"Sosnowski","year":"1990"},{"key":"b34-0090209","series-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1801","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2005.03.027","article-title":"Comparison of clinical and neurophysiologic responses to intrathecal baclofen bolus administration in moderate-to-severe spasticity after acquired brain injury","volume":"86","author":"Stokic","year":"2005"},{"key":"b35-0090209","series-title":"Clin Neurophysiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2006.02.018","article-title":"Dose-response relationship between the H-reflex and continuous intrathecal baclofen administration for management of spasticity","volume":"117","author":"Stokic","year":"2006"},{"key":"b36-0090209","series-title":"Prog Brain Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-6123(09)17721-X","article-title":"Intrathecal administration of GABA agonists in the vegetative state","volume":"177","author":"Taira","year":"2009"},{"key":"b37-0090209","series-title":"Acta Neurochir Suppl","first-page":"227","article-title":"Intrathecal baclofen in the treatment of poststroke central pain, dystonia, and persistent vegetative state","volume":"97","author":"Taira","year":"2007"},{"key":"b38-0090209","series-title":"Semin Pediatr Neurol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/S1071-9091(98)80030-2","article-title":"Brain injury in the premature infant: overview of clinical aspects, neuropathology, and pathogenesis","volume":"5","author":"Volpe","year":"1998"},{"issue":"12 Suppl 2","key":"b39-0090209","series-title":"PM R","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmrj.2010.10.016","article-title":"Neural plasticity: the biological substrate for neurorehabilitation","volume":"2","author":"Warraich","year":"2010"}],"container-title":["Journal of Neurosurgery: Pediatrics"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/view\/journals\/j-neurosurg-pediatr\/9\/2\/article-p209.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/j-neurosurg-pediatr\/9\/2\/article-p209.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/j-neurosurg-pediatr\/9\/2\/article-p209.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,15]],"date-time":"2023-04-15T15:43:23Z","timestamp":1681573403000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/view\/journals\/j-neurosurg-pediatr\/9\/2\/article-p209.xml"}},"subtitle":["Laboratory investigation"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,2]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/2011.10.peds11209","relation":{},"ISSN":["1933-0707","1933-0715"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1933-0707","type":"print"},{"value":"1933-0715","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,2]]}}}