{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T11:53:41Z","timestamp":1791114821527,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JNS"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Object<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is an established neurosurgical technique used to treat a variety of neurological disorders, including Parkinson disease, essential tremor, dystonia, epilepsy, depression, and obsessive-compulsive disorder. This study reports on the use of intraoperative MR imaging during DBS surgery to evaluate acute hemorrhage, intracranial air, brain shift, and accuracy of lead placement.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>During a 46-month period, 143 patients underwent 152 DBS surgeries including 289 lead placements utilizing intraoperative 1.5-T MR imaging. Imaging was supervised by an MR imaging physicist to maintain the specific absorption rate below the required level of 0.1 W\/kg and always included T1 magnetization-prepared rapid gradient echo and T2* gradient echo sequences with selected use of T2 fluid attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) and T2 fast spin echo (FSE). Retrospective review of the intraoperative MR imaging examinations was performed to quantify the amount of hemorrhage and the amount of air introduced during the DBS surgery.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Intraoperative MR imaging revealed 5 subdural hematomas, 3 subarachnoid hemorrhages, and 1 intraparenchymal hemorrhage in 9 of the 143 patients. Only 1 patient experiencing a subarachnoid hemorrhage developed clinically apparent symptoms, which included transient severe headache and mild confusion. Brain shift due to intracranial air was identified in 144 separate instances.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Intraoperative MR imaging can be safely performed and may assist in demonstrating acute changes involving intracranial hemorrhage and air during DBS surgery. These findings are rarely clinically significant and typically resolve prior to follow-up imaging. Selective use of T2 FLAIR and T2 FSE imaging can confirm the presence of hemorrhage or air and preclude the need for CT examinations.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3171\/2011.5.jns101457","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,6,25]],"date-time":"2011-06-25T19:43:04Z","timestamp":1309030984000},"page":"852-857","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Intraoperative magnetic resonance imaging findings during deep brain stimulation surgery"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"115","author":[{"given":"Olivia O.","family":"Huston","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurologic Surgery,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert E.","family":"Watson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radiology, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matt A.","family":"Bernstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radiology, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kiaran P.","family":"McGee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radiology, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S. Matt","family":"Stead","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Debb A.","family":"Gorman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurologic Surgery,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kendall H.","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurologic Surgery,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Huston","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radiology, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"key":"b1-jns101457","series-title":"Stereotact Funct Neurosurg","first-page":"76","article-title":"Acute and long-term effects of subthalamic nucleus stimulation in Parkinson's disease","volume":"62","author":"Benabid","year":"1994"},{"key":"b2-jns101457","series-title":"Acta Neurochir Suppl (Wien)","first-page":"39","article-title":"Chronic VIM thalamic stimulation in Parkinson's disease, essential tremor and extra-pyramidal dyskinesias","volume":"58","author":"Benabid","year":"1993"},{"key":"b3-jns101457","series-title":"Proc Int Soc Mag Reson Med","first-page":"3105","article-title":"Changes in RF transmit gain before and after DBS lead placement in 36 consecutive patients","volume":"17","author":"Bernstein","year":"2009"},{"key":"b4-jns101457","series-title":"Radiology","first-page":"15","article-title":"MR appearance of hemorrhage in the brain","volume":"189","author":"Bradley","year":"1993"},{"key":"b5-jns101457","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"497","article-title":"Safety of magnetic resonance imaging of deep brain stimulator systems: a serial imaging and clinical retrospective study. 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