{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T18:21:59Z","timestamp":1790878919161,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":103,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JNS"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The authors reviewed 70 publications on MR imaging\u2013based targeting techniques for identifying the subthalamic nucleus (STN) for deep brain stimulation in patients with Parkinson disease. Of these 70 publications, 33 presented quantitatively validated results.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>There is still no consensus on which targeting technique to use for surgery planning; methods vary greatly between centers. Some groups apply indirect methods involving anatomical landmarks, or atlases incorporating anatomical or functional data. Others perform direct visualization on MR imaging, using T2-weighted spin echo or inversion recovery protocols.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>The combined studies do not offer a straightforward conclusion on the best targeting protocol. Indirect methods are not patient specific, leading to varying results between cases. On the other hand, direct targeting on MR imaging suffers from lack of contrast within the subthalamic region, resulting in a poor delineation of the STN. These deficiencies result in a need for intraoperative adaptation of the original target based on test stimulation with or without microelectrode recording.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>It is expected that future advances in MR imaging technology will lead to improvements in direct targeting. The use of new MR imaging modalities such as diffusion MR imaging might even lead to the specific identification of the different functional parts of the STN, such as the dorsolateral sensorimotor part, the target for deep brain stimulation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3171\/2011.6.jns101571","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,7,29]],"date-time":"2011-07-29T10:05:19Z","timestamp":1311933919000},"page":"971-984","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":51,"title":["Magnetic resonance imaging techniques for visualization of the subthalamic nucleus"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"115","author":[{"given":"Ellen J. L.","family":"Brunenberg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bram","family":"Platel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fraunhofer MEVIS, Bremen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul A. M.","family":"Hofman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Radiology,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bart M.","family":"ter Haar Romeny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven;"},{"name":"Biomedical Engineering, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Veerle","family":"Visser-Vandewalle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurosurgery, and"},{"name":"Maastricht Institute for Neuromodulative Development, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"key":"b1-jns101571","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"1745","article-title":"An assessment of current brain targets for deep brain stimulation surgery with susceptibility-weighted imaging at 7 tesla","volume":"67","author":"Abosch","year":"2010"},{"key":"b2-jns101571","series-title":"Stereotact Funct Neurosurg","first-page":"287","article-title":"Safety of anterior commissure-posterior commissure-based target calculation of the subthalamic nucleus in functional stereotactic procedures","volume":"85","author":"Acar","year":"2007"},{"issue":"2 Suppl","key":"b3-jns101571","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"360","article-title":"Comparison of three methods of targeting the subthalamic nucleus for chronic stimulation in Parkinson's disease","volume":"56","author":"Andrade-Souza","year":"2005"},{"key":"b4-jns101571","series-title":"Surg Neurol","first-page":"357","article-title":"Comparison of 2-dimensional magnetic resonance imaging and 3-planar reconstruction methods for targeting the subthalamic nucleus in Parkinson disease","volume":"63","author":"Andrade-Souza","year":"2005"},{"key":"b5-jns101571","series-title":"Neuroimage","first-page":"677","article-title":"Model-based automatic detection of the anterior and posterior commissures on MRI scans","volume":"46","author":"Ardekani","year":"2009"},{"key":"b6-jns101571","series-title":"Br J Neurosurg","first-page":"197","article-title":"Variability of the subthalamic nucleus: the case for direct MRI guided targeting","volume":"21","author":"Ashkan","year":"2007"},{"key":"b7-jns101571","series-title":"Stereotact Funct Neurosurg","first-page":"87","article-title":"Targeting the subthalamic nucleus","volume":"77","author":"Aziz","year":"2001"},{"key":"b8-jns101571","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"208","article-title":"A three-dimensional histological atlas of the human basal ganglia. 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