{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T00:57:17Z","timestamp":1773795437245,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PED"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Object<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Cerebrospinal fluid typically enters the subarachnoid space from the ventricles via the fourth ventricular foramina. However, there is clinical evidence that CSF also flows in the opposite direction. Ventricular reflux of CSF from a cistern is a well-known phenomenon in radioisotope studies in patients with normal-pressure hydrocephalus. Additionally, the presence of ventricular blood in acute subarachnoid hemorrhage is frequently observed. The goal of this investigation was to examine the potential CSF pathways from cisterns to ventricles. The authors examined pathways in rat models in which they occluded the fourth ventricular outlets and injected a tracer into the subarachnoid space.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The model for acute obstructive hydrocephalus was induced using <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>-butyl cyanoacrylate (NBCA) in 10 Sprague-Dawley rats. After 3 days, cationized ferritin was infused into the lumbar subarachnoid space to highlight retrograde CSF flow pathways. The animals were sacrificed at 48 hours, and the brains were prepared. The CSF flow pathway was traced by staining the ferritin with ferrocyanide.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Ferritin was observed in the third ventricle in 7 of 8 rats with hydrocephalus and in the temporal horn of the lateral ventricles in 4 of 8 rats with hydrocephalus. There was no definite staining in the aqueduct, which suggests that the ventricular reflux originated from routes other than through the fourth ventricular outlets.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The interfaces between the quadrigeminal cistern and third ventricle and those between the ambient cistern and lateral ventricle appear to be potential sites of CSF reflux from cisterns to ventricles in obstructive hydrocephalus.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3171\/2011.8.peds1190","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,12,2]],"date-time":"2011-12-02T23:18:22Z","timestamp":1322867902000},"page":"640-646","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Cerebrospinal fluid pathways from cisterns to ventricles in N-butyl cyanoacrylate\u2013induced hydrocephalic rats"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Jong-Hyuk","family":"Park","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurosurgery and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yong-Sook","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurosurgery and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jong-Sik","family":"Suk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurosurgery and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Seung-Won","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurosurgery and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sung-Nam","family":"Hwang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurosurgery and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Taek-Kyun","family":"Nam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurosurgery and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Young-Baeg","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurosurgery and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Won-Bok","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anantomy, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"key":"b1-0080640","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1972.36.4.0416","article-title":"The spinal cord central canal: response to experimental hydrocephalus and canal occlusion","volume":"36","author":"Becker","year":"1972"},{"key":"b2-0080640","series-title":"Neuroradiology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00327889","article-title":"Radionuclide cisternography and computed tomography in 30 healthy volunteers","volume":"28","author":"Bergstrand","year":"1986"},{"key":"b3-0080640","series-title":"Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2990.1996.tb01111.x","article-title":"Drainage of CSF through lymphatic pathways and arachnoid villi in sheep: measurement of 125I-albumin clearance","volume":"22","author":"Boulton","year":"1996"},{"key":"b4-0080640","series-title":"Acta Neuropathol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1007\/s004010050738","article-title":"Dynamic properties of lymphatic pathways for the absorption of cerebrospinal fluid","volume":"94","author":"Brinker","year":"1997"},{"key":"b5-0080640","series-title":"Acta Radiol","first-page":"514","article-title":"Increased self-diffusion of brain water in hydrocephalus measured by MR imaging","volume":"35","author":"Gideon","year":"1994"},{"key":"b6-0080640","series-title":"Acta Radiol Suppl","first-page":"1","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid circulation and associated intracranial dynamics. 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