{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T18:38:20Z","timestamp":1782239900712,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JNS"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Object<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The intercostal nerves (ICNs) have been used to repair the triceps branch in some organizations in the world, but the reported results differ significantly. The effect of this procedure requires evaluation. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the outcome of ICN transfer to the nerve of the long head of the triceps muscle and to determine the factors affecting the outcome of this procedure.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>A retrospective review was conducted in 25 patients with global root avulsion brachial plexus injuries who underwent ICN transfer. The nerves of the long head of the triceps were the recipient nerves in all patients. The ICNs were used in 2 different ways: 2 ICNs were used as donor nerves in 18 patients, and 3 ICNs were used in 7 patients. The mean follow-up period was 5.6 years.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The effective rate of motor recovery in the 25 patients was 56% for the function of the long head of the triceps. There was no significant difference in functional recovery between the patients with 2 or 3 ICN transfers. The outcome of this procedure was not altered if combined with phrenic nerve transfer to the biceps branch. Patients in whom surgery was delayed 6 months or less achieved better results.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The transfer of ICNs to the nerve of long head of the triceps is an effective procedure for treating global brachial plexus avulsion injuries, even if combined with phrenic nerve transfer to the biceps branch. Two ICNs appear to be sufficient for donation. The earlier the surgery is performed, the better are the results achieved.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3171\/2012.10.jns12637","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,23]],"date-time":"2012-11-23T15:11:31Z","timestamp":1353683491000},"page":"606-610","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Outcome after transfer of intercostal nerves to the nerve of triceps long head in 25 adult patients with total brachial plexus root avulsion injury"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"118","author":[{"given":"KaiMing","family":"Gao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Lao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"YuDong","family":"Gu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"key":"b1-jns12637","series-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1470","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0b013e3181881fc5","article-title":"Evaluation of single-, double-, and triple-nerve transfers for shoulder abduction in 90 patients with supraclavicular brachial plexus injury","volume":"122","author":"Cardenas-Mejia","year":"2008"},{"key":"b2-jns12637","series-title":"J Hand Surg Am","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2006.05.013","article-title":"Contralateral C7 transfer for the treatment of brachial plexus root avulsions in children\u2014a report of 12 cases","volume":"32","author":"Chen","year":"2007"},{"key":"b3-jns12637","series-title":"Microsurgery","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1002\/micr.20545","article-title":"Intercostal nerve transfer in infants with obstetric brachial plexus palsy","volume":"28","author":"El-Gammal","year":"2008"},{"key":"b4-jns12637","series-title":"J Reconstr Microsurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2002-19703","article-title":"Outcomes of surgical treatment of brachial plexus injuries using nerve grafting and nerve transfers","volume":"18","author":"El-Gammal","year":"2002"},{"key":"b5-jns12637","series-title":"Microsurgery","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1002\/micr.20822","article-title":"Reanimation of elbow extension with intercostal nerves transfers in total brachial plexus palsies","volume":"31","author":"Goubier","year":"2011"},{"key":"b6-jns12637","series-title":"J Reconstr Microsurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-1006902","article-title":"Long-term functional results of contralateral C7 transfer","volume":"14","author":"Gu","year":"1998"},{"key":"b7-jns12637","series-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-199602000-00016","article-title":"Use of the phrenic nerve for brachial plexus reconstruction","volume":"323","author":"Gu","year":"1996"},{"key":"b8-jns12637","series-title":"Chin Med J (Engl)","first-page":"519","article-title":"Microsurgical treatment for root avulsion of the brachial plexus","volume":"100","author":"Gu","year":"1987"},{"key":"b9-jns12637","series-title":"Chin Med J (Engl)","first-page":"866","article-title":"Long term outcome of contralateral C7 transfer: a report of 32 cases","volume":"115","author":"Gu","year":"2002"},{"key":"b10-jns12637","series-title":"J Hand Surg Br","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1016\/S0266-7681(05)80235-9","article-title":"Seventh cervical nerve root transfer from the contralateral healthy side for treatment of brachial plexus root avulsion","volume":"17","author":"Gu","year":"1992"},{"key":"b11-jns12637","series-title":"Chin J Traumatol","first-page":"263","article-title":"Nerve transfer for treatment of brachial plexus injury: comparison study between the transfer of partial median and ulnar nerves and that of phrenic and spinal accessary nerves","volume":"5","author":"Hou","year":"2002"},{"key":"b12-jns12637","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.2001.94.3.0386","article-title":"Use of intercostal nerves for neurotization of the musculocutaneous nerve in infants with birth-related brachial plexus palsy","volume":"94","author":"Kawabata","year":"2001"},{"key":"b13-jns12637","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1998.88.2.0266","article-title":"Evaluation of intercostal to musculocutaneous nerve transfer in reconstructive brachial plexus surgery","volume":"88","author":"Malessy","year":"1998"},{"key":"b14-jns12637","series-title":"Tech Hand Up Extrem Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1097\/00130911-200109000-00002","article-title":"Intercostal nerve transfer for elbow flexion","volume":"5","author":"Nagano","year":"2001"},{"key":"b15-jns12637","series-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res","first-page":"43","article-title":"Neurotization in brachial plexus injuries. Indication and results","volume":"237","author":"Narakas","year":"1988"},{"key":"b16-jns12637","series-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01743872","article-title":"A new approach to the intercosto-brachial anastomosis in the treatment of brachial plexus paralysis due to root avulsion. Late results","volume":"61","author":"Ploncard","year":"1982"},{"key":"b17-jns12637","series-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Br","first-page":"447","article-title":"Nerve grafting","volume":"45","author":"Seddon","year":"1963"},{"issue":"4 Suppl","key":"b18-jns12637","series-title":"Neurosurgery","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"A125","DOI":"10.1227\/01.NEU.0000338865.19411.7F","article-title":"Phrenic nerve transfer in the restoration of elbow flexion in brachial plexus avulsion injuries: how effective and safe is it?","volume":"65","author":"Siqueira","year":"2009"},{"key":"b19-jns12637","series-title":"Microsurgery","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1002\/micr.1920160110","article-title":"Brachial plexus injury in Thailand: a report of 520 cases","volume":"16","author":"Songcharoen","year":"1995"},{"key":"b20-jns12637","series-title":"J Pediatr Orthop","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1097\/BPO.0b013e3181cf2e82","article-title":"Restoration of elbow extension after primary reconstruction in obstetric brachial plexus palsy","volume":"30","author":"Terzis","year":"2010"},{"key":"b21-jns12637","series-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0b013e31819ba48a","article-title":"Selective contralateral c7 transfer in posttraumatic brachial plexus injuries: a report of 56 cases","volume":"123","author":"Terzis","year":"2009"},{"key":"b22-jns12637","series-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1097\/01.prs.0000203410.35395.fa","article-title":"Suprascapular nerve reconstruction in 118 cases of adult posttraumatic brachial plexus","volume":"117","author":"Terzis","year":"2006"},{"key":"b23-jns12637","series-title":"Microsurgery","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1002\/micr.20245","article-title":"Restoration of shoulder function with nerve transfers in traumatic brachial plexus palsy patients","volume":"26","author":"Terzis","year":"2006"},{"key":"b24-jns12637","series-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-200207000-00018","article-title":"Full-length phrenic nerve transfer by means of video-assisted thoracic surgery in treating brachial plexus avulsion injury","volume":"110","author":"Xu","year":"2002"},{"key":"b25-jns12637","series-title":"J Hand Surg Am","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1304","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2010.04.006","article-title":"Phrenic nerve transfer for elbow flexion and intercostal nerve transfer for elbow extension","volume":"35","author":"Zheng","year":"2010"}],"container-title":["Journal of Neurosurgery"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/view\/journals\/j-neurosurg\/118\/3\/article-p606.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/j-neurosurg\/118\/3\/article-p606.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/j-neurosurg\/118\/3\/article-p606.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,14]],"date-time":"2022-08-14T17:52:14Z","timestamp":1660499534000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/view\/journals\/j-neurosurg\/118\/3\/article-p606.xml"}},"subtitle":["Clinical article"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,3]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/2012.10.jns12637","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-3085","1933-0693"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-3085","type":"print"},{"value":"1933-0693","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,3]]}}}