{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]],"date-time":"2026-07-04T21:18:54Z","timestamp":1783199934968,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JNS"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Object<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The reported incidence of hospital-acquired bacterial pneumonia in critically ill trauma patients varies from as low as 4% to as high as 87%, with fatality rates varying from 6% to 59%. Clinical studies have identified the risk factors for pneumonia. The authors undertook this retrospective study to evaluate the incidence, risk factors, and outcomes of hospital-acquired bacterial pneumonia in a group of patients with severe head injuries.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>This was a retrospective review of consecutive adult patients admitted to the neurosurgical ICU in the authors' hospital because of severe head injury (Glasgow Coma Scale scores \u2264 8) between January 2008 and December 2010.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>During the study period, 290 patients were admitted to the neurosurgical ICU. Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that age (HR 1.01, 95% CI 1.001\u20131.02), nasogastric tube insertion (HR 4.56, 95% CI 1.11\u201318.64), and hemiplegia or hemiparesis (HR 3.79, 95% CI 2.01\u20137.17) were significantly associated with the development of pneumonia.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The authors identified 3 risk factors (age, nasogastric tube insertion, and hemiplegia or hemiparesis) associated with the development of pneumonia in patients with severe head injury. This finding constituted the basis for developing a simple screening tool that can be used to assess the risk of occurrence of pneumonia in such patients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3171\/2012.10.jns127","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,16]],"date-time":"2012-11-16T15:04:08Z","timestamp":1353078248000},"page":"358-363","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Pneumonia in patients with severe head injury: incidence, risk factors, and outcomes"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"118","author":[{"given":"Kuo-Wei","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurosurgery and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Han-Jung","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurosurgery and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kang","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurosurgery and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Po-Chou","family":"Liliang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurosurgery and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chun-Kai","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infection, E-Da Hospital, I-Shou University; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pi-Lien","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing, Fooyin University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu-Duan","family":"Tsai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurosurgery and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hao-Kuang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurosurgery and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cheng-Loong","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurosurgery and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"key":"b1-jns127","series-title":"Inflamm Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1007\/PL00000303","article-title":"Pneumonia in multiple injured patients: a prospective controlled trial on early prediction using clinical and immunological parameters","volume":"51","author":"Andermahr","year":"2002"},{"key":"b2-jns127","series-title":"Eur J Neurol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1468-1331.2003.00749.x","article-title":"Pneumonia and urinary tract infection after acute ischaemic stroke: a tertiary analysis of the GAIN International trial","volume":"11","author":"Aslanyan","year":"2004"},{"key":"b3-jns127","series-title":"J Trauma","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1097\/00005373-197403000-00001","article-title":"The injury severity score: a method for describing patients with multiple injuries and evaluating emergency care","volume":"14","author":"Baker","year":"1974"},{"key":"b4-jns127","series-title":"Crit Care Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-198603000-00006","article-title":"Role of corticosteroids in the development of pneumonia in mechanically ventilated headtrauma victims","volume":"14","author":"Braun","year":"1986"},{"key":"b5-jns127","series-title":"Am J Infect Control","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/0196-6553(84)90114-7","article-title":"Effect of intensive care unit nosocomial pneumonia on duration of stay and mortality","volume":"12","author":"Craig","year":"1984"},{"key":"b6-jns127","series-title":"Am J Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(81)90596-9","article-title":"Role of respiratory assistance devices in endemic nosocomial pneumonia","volume":"70","author":"Cross","year":"1981"},{"key":"b7-jns127","series-title":"J Infect Dis","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/144.1.19","article-title":"Pneumonia due to Staphylococcus aureus during mechanical ventilation","volume":"144","author":"Espersen","year":"1981"},{"key":"b8-jns127","series-title":"Surgery","first-page":"562","article-title":"Functional analysis of monocyte activity via synthesis patterns of proinflammatory cytokines and neopterin in patients in surgical intensive care","volume":"112","author":"Faist","year":"1992"},{"key":"b9-jns127","series-title":"Chest","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.97.1.132","article-title":"The efficacy of an oscillating bed in the prevention of lower respiratory tract infection in critically ill victims of blunt trauma. 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