{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,18]],"date-time":"2026-04-18T06:26:16Z","timestamp":1776493576307,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PED"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Object<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Addressing overdrainage and its associated complications is still one of the greatest challenges for future shunt designs for normal-pressure hydrocephalus and idiopathic intracranial hypertension. Nevertheless, as evidenced by tap test procedures, a small amount of CSF drainage seems to be enough to relieve patients' symptoms in most cases and, therefore, in opposition to other types of hydrocephalus, continuous CSF drainage may not be absolutely warranted. In such a clinical scenario, intermittent controlled drainage of a small amount of CSF during specific periods of the day through a 2-system pump may provide several advantages over continuous drainage of current single-system shunts. The goal in this study was to design and test an innovative concept of a bicorporal pump composed of a 2-part system. The first component was designed to be implanted in the patient and act as a pump connected to standard catheter tubing. The second component was designed to be used as an external device outside of the body and function as a power supply and control system. Ultimately, flow will only occur when the system is powered by the external device.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Testing and comparisons were performed to evaluate free fluid flow and the maximal flow after pumping in the standing and supine positions. After this, the authors compared the hydrodynamic effects of 2 different housing systems (2- and 3-in systems). An attenuation test was performed to show the effects of electromagnetic forces at progressively increasing distances. Finally, a biocompatibility report of the raw material used in the pilot design was completed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>In the supine position, the effect of pumping was observed to increase the volumetric flow at a rate similar to or higher than that yielded in the free-flow tests. In relation to the attenuation test, it was observed that the volume drops off fairly quickly as the air gap distance was increased until ultimately reaching zero, with approximately 15 mm between the 2 components. In relation to the testing force, the 2-in housing model showed a considerable increase in the required electromagnetic force over the 3-in housing.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The authors successfully designed and tested a new intermittent drainage system through a bicorporal shunt, which provides several advantages over current single-system continuous drainage pumps. According to the authors' benchmark results, the 3-in housing model seems to be a better choice as it requires less force from the external electromagnet control. Moreover, attenuation tests demonstrated that, for proper functioning, the gap distance between the external and implanted devices should not be greater than 15 mm. Such initial benchmark results confirm the feasibility of such innovative design and provide support for future testing of the system in in vivo animal models and in future clinical series.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3171\/2012.10.peds12119","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,7]],"date-time":"2012-12-07T15:09:04Z","timestamp":1354892944000},"page":"188-197","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Design and benchmark testing of a bicorporal pump for the treatment of normal-pressure hydrocephalus and idiopathic intracranial hypertension"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Tobias A.","family":"Mattei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Illinois Neurological Institute, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria; and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kalyani","family":"Nair","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Bradley University, Peoria, Illinois"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Morris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Bradley University, Peoria, Illinois"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Deric","family":"Cole","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Bradley University, Peoria, Illinois"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Flatt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Bradley University, Peoria, Illinois"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carlos R.","family":"Goulart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Illinois Neurological Institute, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria; and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brian","family":"Kroeter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Bradley University, Peoria, Illinois"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shavonna","family":"Warren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Bradley University, Peoria, Illinois"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Julian J.","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Illinois Neurological Institute, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria; and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"key":"b1-peds12119","series-title":"Positive Displacement Pump: A Guide to Performance Evaluation","author":"American Institute of Chemical Engineers","year":"2007"},{"key":"b2-peds12119","series-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01411302","article-title":"Idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus: analysis of factors related to cerebrospinal fluid dynamics determining functional prognosis","volume":"139","author":"B\u00e1rcena","year":"1997"},{"issue":"6 Suppl","key":"b3-peds12119","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"439","article-title":"Idiopathic hydrocephalus in children and idiopathic intracranial hypertension in adults: two manifestations of the same pathophysiological process?","volume":"107","author":"Bateman","year":"2007"},{"key":"b4-peds12119","series-title":"Ann Intern Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-97-2-231","article-title":"Dementia in the elderly: the silent epidemic","volume":"97","author":"Beck","year":"1982"},{"issue":"3 Suppl","key":"b5-peds12119","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"S29","article-title":"Surgical management of idiopathic normal-pressure hydrocephalus","volume":"57","author":"Bergsneider","year":"2005"},{"key":"b6-peds12119","series-title":"Arch Neurol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1224","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.56.10.1224","article-title":"Beneficial effect of siphoning in treatment of adult hydrocephalus","volume":"56","author":"Bergsneider","year":"1999"},{"key":"b7-peds12119","series-title":"Ann Intern Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-109-6-476","article-title":"The reversible dementias: do they reverse?","volume":"109","author":"Clarfield","year":"1988"},{"key":"b8-peds12119","series-title":"Arch Neurol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1982.00510200003001","article-title":"Visual loss in pseudotumor cerebri. Follow-up of 57 patients from five to 41 years and a profile of 14 patients with permanent severe visual loss","volume":"39","author":"Corbett","year":"1982"},{"key":"b9-peds12119","series-title":"Arq Neuropsiquiatr","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1590\/S0004-282X1997000200003","article-title":"The predictive value of cerebrospinal fluid tap-test in normal pressure hydrocephalus","volume":"55","author":"Damasceno","year":"1997"},{"key":"b10-peds12119","series-title":"Surg Neurol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/0090-3019(84)90048-X","article-title":"Recording of intracranial pressure and daily drainage in pseudotumor cerebri. A preliminary study","volume":"22","author":"Di Lauro","year":"1984"},{"key":"b11-peds12119","series-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1141","DOI":"10.1007\/s00701-008-0138-8","article-title":"Changes in intracranial pulse pressure amplitudes after shunt implantation and adjustment of shunt valve opening pressure in normal pressure hydrocephalus","volume":"150","author":"Eide","year":"2008"},{"key":"b12-peds12119","series-title":"Lancet","first-page":"37","article-title":"Communicating hydrocephalus","volume":"7","author":"Fisher","year":"1978"},{"key":"b13-peds12119","series-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.40.4.336","article-title":"Idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus\u2014a report of 73 patients","volume":"40","author":"Greenberg","year":"1977"},{"key":"b14-peds12119","series-title":"J Neurol Sci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-510X(65)90016-X","article-title":"The special clinical problem of symptomatic hydrocephalus with normal cerebrospinal fluid pressure. Observations on cerebrospinal fluid hydrodynamics","volume":"2","author":"Hakim","year":"1965"},{"key":"b15-peds12119","series-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.41.11.961","article-title":"Adult idiopathic communicating hydrocephalus with and without shunting","volume":"41","author":"Hughes","year":"1978"},{"key":"b16-peds12119","series-title":"Med Hypotheses","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-9877(03)00208-1","article-title":"Idiopathic intracranial hypertension and idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus: diseases with opposite pathogenesis?","volume":"61","author":"Iencean","year":"2003"},{"key":"b17-peds12119","series-title":"Neurosurgery","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1097\/00006123-199608000-00011","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid shunting in idiopathic normal-pressure hydrocephalus of the elderly: effect of periventricular and deep white matter lesions","volume":"39","author":"Krauss","year":"1996"},{"key":"b18-peds12119","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1976.44.6.0687","article-title":"Body position and cerebrospinal fluid pressure. Part 1: clinical studies on the effect of rapid postural changes","volume":"44","author":"Magnaes","year":"1976"},{"issue":"3 Suppl","key":"b19-peds12119","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"S17","article-title":"The value of supplemental prognostic tests for the preoperative assessment of idiopathic normal-pressure hydrocephalus","volume":"57","author":"Marmarou","year":"2005"},{"key":"b20-peds12119","series-title":"Childs Nerv Syst","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-002-0577-0","article-title":"Clinical experiences with different valve systems in patients with normal-pressure hydrocephalus: evaluation of the Miethke dual-switch valve","volume":"18","author":"Meier","year":"2002"},{"key":"b21-peds12119","series-title":"Br J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1080\/02688690410001660481","article-title":"Link between vasogenic waves of intracranial pressure and cerebrospinal fluid outflow resistance in normal pressure hydrocephalus","volume":"18","author":"Momjian","year":"2004"},{"key":"b22-peds12119","series-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1007\/s00701-005-0580-9","article-title":"The predictive value of external continuous lumbar drainage, with cerebrospinal fluid outflow controlled by medium pressure valve, in normal pressure hydrocephalus","volume":"147","author":"Panagiotopoulos","year":"2005"},{"key":"b23-peds12119","series-title":"Acta Neurochir Suppl","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-211-85578-2_53","article-title":"Coupling of sagittal sinus pressure and cerebrospinal fluid pressure in idiopathic intracranial hypertension\u2014a preliminary report","volume":"102","author":"Pickard","year":"2008"},{"key":"b24-peds12119","series-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1007\/s007010050263","article-title":"Monitoring of intracranial compliance: correction for a change in body position","volume":"141","author":"Raabe","year":"1999"},{"issue":"3 Suppl","key":"b25-peds12119","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"S4","article-title":"Diagnosing idiopathic normal-pressure hydrocephalus","volume":"57","author":"Relkin","year":"2005"},{"key":"b26-peds12119","series-title":"Neurology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000299893.43918.a8","article-title":"Long-term follow-up of idiopathic intracranial hypertension: the Iowa experience","volume":"70","author":"Shah","year":"2008"},{"key":"b27-peds12119","series-title":"Neurosurgery","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1227\/00006123-198703000-00001","article-title":"Changes in the cerebrospinal fluid pulse wave spectrum associated with raised intracranial pressure","volume":"20","author":"Takizawa","year":"1987"},{"issue":"2 Suppl Operative","key":"b28-peds12119","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"245","article-title":"Use of the proGAV shunt valve in normal-pressure hydrocephalus","author":"Toma","year":"2011"},{"key":"b29-peds12119","series-title":"Br J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1080\/02688690802007883","article-title":"Lumbar subcutaneous shunt: a novel technique for therapeutic decision making in normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) and benign intracranial hypertension (BIH)","volume":"22","author":"Ushewokunze","year":"2008"},{"key":"b30-peds12119","series-title":"Neurol Clin","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2010.03.003","article-title":"Idiopathic intracranial hypertension","volume":"28","author":"Wall","year":"2010"},{"key":"b31-peds12119","series-title":"Neurosurgery","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1227\/00006123-199511000-00005","article-title":"Current treatment of normal-pressure hydrocephalus: comparison of flow-regulated and differential-pressure shunt valves","volume":"37","author":"Weiner","year":"1995"},{"key":"b32-peds12119","series-title":"Neurosurgery","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1392","DOI":"10.1097\/00006123-200212000-00009","article-title":"Adjustable valves in normal-pressure hydrocephalus: a retrospective study of 218 patients","volume":"51","author":"Zemack","year":"2002"}],"container-title":["Journal of Neurosurgery: Pediatrics"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/view\/journals\/j-neurosurg-pediatr\/11\/2\/article-p188.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/j-neurosurg-pediatr\/11\/2\/article-p188.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/j-neurosurg-pediatr\/11\/2\/article-p188.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,15]],"date-time":"2023-04-15T14:19:12Z","timestamp":1681568352000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/view\/journals\/j-neurosurg-pediatr\/11\/2\/article-p188.xml"}},"subtitle":["Laboratory investigation"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,2]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/2012.10.peds12119","relation":{},"ISSN":["1933-0707","1933-0715"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1933-0707","type":"print"},{"value":"1933-0715","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,2]]}}}