{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T13:22:26Z","timestamp":1781184146837,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PED"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Object<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The CSF shunt valve is a medical device whose main function is to regulate intracranial pressure and drain excess CSF. The authors have developed a new therapeutic method for treating hydrocephalus, namely the tandem shunt valve system, which has the potential of flexibly controlling the CSF flow rate and intracranial pressure in patients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The properties of the tandem system were verified by performing in vitro experiments. An in vitro system with a manometer was built to measure pressure and flow rates of water in open systems using the Codman Hakim Programmable Valve and the Strata adjustable pressure programmable valve. A single valve and 2 single shunt valves connected in series (the tandem shunt valve system) were connected to the manometer to check the final pressure.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Conventional single shunt valve systems require valve pressures to be set higher to slow down the CSF flow rate, which inevitably results in a higher final pressure. On the other hand, the tandem shunt valve system uses the combination of 2 valves to slow the CSF flow rate without increasing the final pressure.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The authors succeeded in experimentally demonstrating in vitro results of tandem systems and their effectiveness by applying a model to show that the valve with the higher pressure setting determined the final pressure of the entire system and the flow rate became slower than single shunt valve systems.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3171\/2012.10.peds12226","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,9]],"date-time":"2012-11-09T15:03:14Z","timestamp":1352473394000},"page":"43-47","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["In vitro experiment for verification of the tandem shunt valve system: a novel method for treating hydrocephalus by flexibly controlling cerebrospinal fluid flow and intracranial pressure"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Yasuo","family":"Aihara","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Tokyo Women's Medical University; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ichiro","family":"Shoji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical, Electronic, and Communication Engineering, Chuo University, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoshikazu","family":"Okada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Tokyo Women's Medical University; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"key":"b1-peds12226","series-title":"Pediatr Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1159\/000314052","article-title":"Novel method for controlling cerebrospinal fluid flow and intracranial pressure by use of a tandem shunt valve system","volume":"46","author":"Aihara","year":"2010"},{"key":"b2-peds12226","series-title":"Childs Nerv Syst","first-page":"193","article-title":"Overdrainage and shunt technology. A critical comparison of programmable, hydrostatic and variable-resistance valves and flow-reducing devices","volume":"11","author":"Aschoff","year":"1995"},{"key":"b3-peds12226","series-title":"Neurosurgery","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"904","DOI":"10.1227\/00006123-198706000-00014","article-title":"Normal pressure hydrocephalus in children and young adults","volume":"20","author":"Barnett","year":"1987"},{"key":"b4-peds12226","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"1110","article-title":"The use of the Codman-Medos Programmable Hakim valve in the management of patients with hydrocephalus: illustrative cases","volume":"34","author":"Black","year":"1994"},{"key":"b5-peds12226","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1998.88.3.0490","article-title":"Dutch Normal-Pressure Hydrocephalus Study: randomized comparison of low- and medium-pressure shunts","volume":"88","author":"Boon","year":"1998"},{"key":"b6-peds12226","series-title":"Neurosurgery","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1227\/00006123-199301000-00023","article-title":"Functional obstruction of an antisiphon device by raised tissue capsule pressure","volume":"32","author":"Drake","year":"1993"},{"key":"b7-peds12226","series-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01774384","article-title":"Overdrainage phenomena in shunt treated hydrocephalus","volume":"45","author":"Faulhauer","year":"1978"},{"key":"b8-peds12226","series-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol","first-page":"646","article-title":"Hydraulic and mechanical mis-matching of valve shunts used in the treatment of hydrocephalus: the need for a servo-valve shunt","volume":"15","author":"Hakim","year":"1973"},{"issue":"2 Suppl","key":"b9-peds12226","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.2005.102.2.0141","article-title":"A multicenter prospective cohort study of the Strata valve for the management of hydrocephalus in pediatric patients","volume":"102","author":"Kestle","year":"2005"},{"key":"b10-peds12226","series-title":"Childs Nerv Syst","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00307663","article-title":"Clinical experience with a pressure-adjustable valve SOPHY in the management of hydrocephalus","volume":"6","author":"Lumenta","year":"1990"},{"key":"b11-peds12226","series-title":"Pediatr Neurosurg","first-page":"191","article-title":"Ventricular volume in infantile hydrocephalus and its relationship to intracranial pressure and cerebrospinal fluid clearance before and after treatment. A preliminary study","volume":"16","author":"Maixner","year":"1991"},{"key":"b12-peds12226","series-title":"Childs Nerv Syst","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00271892","article-title":"Quantification of cerebrospinal fluid shunt flow rates. Assessment of the programmable pressure valve","volume":"5","author":"Matsumae","year":"1989"},{"key":"b13-peds12226","series-title":"Neurosurgery","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1227\/00006123-198410000-00002","article-title":"Treatment of normal pressure hydrocephalus with low versus medium pressure cerebrospinal fluid shunts","volume":"15","author":"McQuarrie","year":"1984"},{"key":"b14-peds12226","series-title":"Pediatr Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1159\/000120950","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid shunt failure: late is different from early","volume":"23","author":"Piatt","year":"1995"},{"key":"b15-peds12226","series-title":"Neurosurgery","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1399","DOI":"10.1097\/00006123-199912000-00026","article-title":"A randomized, controlled study of a programmable shunt valve versus a conventional valve for patients with hydrocephalus","volume":"45","author":"Pollack","year":"1999"},{"key":"b16-peds12226","series-title":"Childs Nerv Syst","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00313579","article-title":"The usefulness of mathematical modeling in hydrocephalus research","volume":"10","author":"Rekate","year":"1994"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"b17-peds12226","series-title":"Eur J Pediatr Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2008-1042538","article-title":"Testing the hydrocephalus shunt valve: long-term bench test results of various new and explanted valves. The need for model for testing valves under physiological conditions","volume":"1","author":"Trost","year":"1991"},{"key":"b18-peds12226","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.2003.98.3.0471","article-title":"Clinical experience with the use of a shunt with an adjustable valve in children with hydrocephalus","volume":"98","author":"Zemack","year":"2003"},{"key":"b19-peds12226","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.2000.92.6.0941","article-title":"Seven years of clinical experience with the programmable Codman Hakim valve: a retrospective study of 583 patients","volume":"92","author":"Zemack","year":"2000"}],"container-title":["Journal of Neurosurgery: Pediatrics"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/view\/journals\/j-neurosurg-pediatr\/11\/1\/article-p43.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/j-neurosurg-pediatr\/11\/1\/article-p43.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/j-neurosurg-pediatr\/11\/1\/article-p43.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,15]],"date-time":"2023-04-15T14:23:57Z","timestamp":1681568637000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/view\/journals\/j-neurosurg-pediatr\/11\/1\/article-p43.xml"}},"subtitle":["Laboratory investigation"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,1]]},"references-count":19,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/2012.10.peds12226","relation":{},"ISSN":["1933-0707","1933-0715"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1933-0707","type":"print"},{"value":"1933-0715","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,1]]}}}