{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T02:43:18Z","timestamp":1767235398264},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JNS"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,7]]},"abstract":"\nObject<\/jats:title>\nIn this study, the authors used preoperative simulation employing 3D computer graphics (interactive computer graphics) to fuse all imaging data for brainstem cavernous malformations. The authors evaluated whether interactive computer graphics or 2D imaging correlated better with the actual operative field, particularly in identifying a developmental venous anomaly (DVA).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>\n\nMethods<\/jats:title>\nThe study population consisted of 10 patients scheduled for surgical treatment of brainstem cavernous malformations. Data from preoperative imaging (MRI, CT, and 3D rotational angiography) were automatically fused using a normalized mutual information method, and then reconstructed by a hybrid method combining surface rendering and volume rendering methods. With surface rendering, multimodality and multithreshold techniques for 1 tissue were applied. The completed interactive computer graphics were used for simulation of surgical approaches and assumed surgical fields. Preoperative diagnostic rates for a DVA associated with brainstem cavernous malformation were compared between conventional 2D imaging and interactive computer graphics employing receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>\n\nResults<\/jats:title>\nThe time required for reconstruction of 3D images was 3\u20136 hours for interactive computer graphics. Observation in interactive mode required approximately 15 minutes. Detailed anatomical information for operative procedures, from the craniotomy to microsurgical operations, could be visualized and simulated three-dimensionally as 1 computer graphic using interactive computer graphics. Virtual surgical views were consistent with actual operative views. This technique was very useful for examining various surgical approaches. Mean (\u00b1 SEM) area under the ROC curve for rate of DVA diagnosis was significantly better for interactive computer graphics (1.000 \u00b1 0.000) than for 2D imaging (0.766 \u00b1 0.091; p < 0.001, Mann-Whitney U-test).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>\n\nConclusions<\/jats:title>\nThe authors report a new method for automatic registration of preoperative imaging data from CT, MRI, and 3D rotational angiography for reconstruction into 1 computer graphic. The diagnostic rate of DVA associated with brainstem cavernous malformation was significantly better using interactive computer graphics than with 2D images. Interactive computer graphics was also useful in helping to plan the surgical access corridor.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3171\/2012.3.jns111541","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,5,11]],"date-time":"2012-05-11T14:03:32Z","timestamp":1336745012000},"page":"78-88","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":52,"title":["A new strategic neurosurgical planning tool for brainstem cavernous malformations using interactive computer graphics with multimodal fusion images"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"117","author":[{"given":"Taichi","family":"Kin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurosurgery and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hirofumi","family":"Nakatomi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurosurgery and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Masaaki","family":"Shojima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurosurgery and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Minoru","family":"Tanaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurosurgery and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kenji","family":"Ino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, University of Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Harushi","family":"Mori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, University of Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Akira","family":"Kunimatsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, University of Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hiroshi","family":"Oyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Information Engineering, University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine; and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nobuhito","family":"Saito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurosurgery and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"key":"b1-jns111541","series-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry","first-page":"167","article-title":"Clinical presentations of vascular malformations of the brain stem: comparison of angiographically positive and negative types","volume":"52","author":"Abe","year":"1989"},{"key":"b2-jns111541","series-title":"IEEE Trans Vis Comput Graph","first-page":"1696","article-title":"High-quality multimodal volume rendering for preoperative planning of neurosurgical interventions","volume":"13","author":"Beyer","year":"2007"},{"key":"b3-jns111541","series-title":"BNI Q","first-page":"20","article-title":"The two-point method: evaluating brain stem lesions","volume":"12","author":"Brown","year":"1996"},{"key":"b4-jns111541","series-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol","first-page":"156","article-title":"De novo development of a lesion with the appearance of a cavernous malformation adjacent to an existing developmental venous anomaly","volume":"26","author":"Campeau","year":"2005"},{"key":"b5-jns111541","series-title":"Surg Neurol","first-page":"84","article-title":"Cavernous angiomas of the brain stem. 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