{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T12:03:26Z","timestamp":1783080206199,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PED"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>According to the CSF bulk flow theory, hydrocephalus is caused by an imbalance between CSF formation and absorption, or a block at various locations in the major CSF pathway. New theories, however, have been proposed in which minor CSF pathways may play a significant role in the development of congenital hydrocephalus. The authors review major contributions to the literature and analyze the evolution of theories of CSF dynamics in relation to hydrocephalus, dividing their development into 4 stages on the basis of historical trends.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p>In Stage I (prior to 1950), 2 systems of classifying hydrocephalus were proposed, namely Dandy's classifications of communicating and noncommunicating hydrocephalus and Russell's nonobstructive and obstructive hydrocephalus. In Stage II (1950\u20131974), based on these theories of major CSF pathway dynamics, treatment focused on ventriculostomy as an alternative to reduction of CSF production by choroid plexus coagulation. In Stage III (1975\u20131999), some of the specific forms of hydrocephalus, especially in premature infants, were found to be unsuitable for ventriculostomy. In Stage IV (2000\u20132008), selection of treatment modalities evolved further, with a focus on analysis of the chronological changes in CSF dynamics and the differences in absorption pathways in the developing and mature brains. The authors focus on \u201cminor pathway hydrocephalus\u201d in the immature brain, differentiating it from the conventional classification of obstructive and nonobstructive \u201cmajor pathway hydrocephalus.\u201d<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3171\/2012.3.peds0934","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,7]],"date-time":"2012-12-07T15:09:03Z","timestamp":1354892943000},"page":"170-177","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":72,"title":["Theories of cerebrospinal fluid dynamics and hydrocephalus: historical trend"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Nigel Peter","family":"Symss","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shizuo","family":"Oi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"key":"b1-peds0934","series-title":"Intracranial Pressure II","first-page":"45","article-title":"CSF dynamics: a mathematical approach","volume":"2","author":"Benabid","year":"1975"},{"key":"b2-peds0934","series-title":"J Comput Assist Tomogr","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.1097\/00004728-198511000-00001","article-title":"Cardiac gated MR imaging of cerebrospinal fluid flow","volume":"9","author":"Bergstrand","year":"1985"},{"key":"b3-peds0934","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1962.19.5.0405","article-title":"Circulation of the cerebrospinal fluid. Demonstration of the choroid plexuses as the generator of the force for flow of fluid and ventricular enlargement","volume":"19","author":"Bering","year":"1962"},{"key":"b4-peds0934","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1050","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1963.20.12.1050","article-title":"Hydrocephalus: changes in formation and absorption of cerebrospinal fluid within the cerebral ventricles","volume":"20","author":"Bering","year":"1963"},{"key":"b5-peds0934","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1983.59.2.0311","article-title":"Bicompartmental analysis of cerebrospinal fluid circulation. Theory and clinical applications","volume":"59","author":"Cabanes","year":"1983"},{"key":"b6-peds0934","series-title":"Lancet","first-page":"851","article-title":"Cameron lectures. 1. The third circulation and its channels","volume":"2","author":"Cushing","year":"1925"},{"key":"b7-peds0934","series-title":"J Med Res","first-page":"1","article-title":"Studies on the cerebro-spinal fluid. Introduction","volume":"26","author":"Cushing","year":"1914"},{"key":"b8-peds0934","series-title":"Brain","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/91.4.707","article-title":"Formation and absorption of cerebrospinal fluid in man","volume":"91","author":"Cutler","year":"1968"},{"key":"b9-peds0934","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.2001.94.3.0482","article-title":"Age dependence of cerebrospinal pressure-volume compensation in patients with hydrocephalus","volume":"94","author":"Czosnyka","year":"2001"},{"key":"b10-peds0934","series-title":"Ann Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658-191908000-00001","article-title":"Experimental hydrocephalus","volume":"70","author":"Dandy","year":"1919"},{"key":"b11-peds0934","series-title":"JAMA","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2012","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1929.02700500024008","article-title":"Where is cerebrospinal fluid absorbed?","volume":"92","author":"Dandy","year":"1929"},{"key":"b12-peds0934","series-title":"Am J Dis Child","first-page":"406","article-title":"Internal hydrocephalus. An experimental, clinical and pathological study","volume":"8","author":"Dandy","year":"1914"},{"key":"b13-peds0934","series-title":"Nature","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1038\/204290a0","article-title":"Movement of CSF in human beings","volume":"204","author":"DiChiro","year":"1964"},{"key":"b14-peds0934","series-title":"Acta Radiol Diagn (Stockh)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"988","DOI":"10.1177\/02841851660050P242","article-title":"Observations on the circulation of the cerebrospinal fluid","volume":"5","author":"DiChiro","year":"1966"},{"key":"b15-peds0934","series-title":"Acta Radiol Diagn (Stockh)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1177\/028418517301400402","article-title":"Descent of cerevrospinal fluid to spinal subarachnoid space","volume":"14","author":"DiChiro","year":"1973"},{"key":"b16-peds0934","series-title":"Exp Neurol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4886(78)90199-1","article-title":"Communicating hydrocephalus induced by mechanically increased amplitude of the intraventricular cerebrospinal fluid pressure: experimental studies","volume":"59","author":"Di Rocco","year":"1978"},{"key":"b17-peds0934","series-title":"Ciba Foundation Symposium\u2014The Cerebrospinal Fluid: Production, Circulation and Absorption","first-page":"246","article-title":"Mechanical aspects of the cerebrospinal fluid circulation\u2014physiological, pathological, surgical","author":"Dott","year":"1958"},{"key":"b18-peds0934","series-title":"Acta Radiol Diagn (Stockh)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1177\/02841851720130P205","article-title":"Further investigations of the pulsatile movements in the cerebrospinal fluid pathways","volume":"13","author":"Du Boulay","year":"1972"},{"key":"b19-peds0934","series-title":"Pediatr Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1159\/000063533","article-title":"A model of pulsations in communicating hydrocephalus","volume":"36","author":"Egnor","year":"2002"},{"key":"b20-peds0934","series-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.40.2.105","article-title":"CSF hydrodynamic studies in man. 1. Method of constant pressure CSF infusion","volume":"40","author":"Ekstedt","year":"1977"},{"key":"b21-peds0934","series-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.41.4.345","article-title":"CSF hydrodynamic studies in man. 2. 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