{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,11]],"date-time":"2026-07-11T13:04:23Z","timestamp":1783775063206,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["FOC"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Object<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Spontaneous and medically induced CSF leaks are uncommonly associated with pituitary adenomas. The aim of this study was to further characterize the clinical scenarios most closely associated with this phenomenon.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A review of the literature was conducted to identify all cases of nonsurgical CSF leaks associated with pituitary adenomas. The authors aimed to identify associated risk factors and management strategies used to treat these tumors and repair the CSF leak site.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Fifty-two patients with spontaneous or medically induced CSF leaks in the setting of a pituitary adenoma were identified from 29 articles published from 1980 through 2011. In 38 patients (73%), CSF rhinorrhea developed following initiation of medical therapy, whereas spontaneous CSF leakage developed as the presenting symptom in 14 patients (27%). The patients' mean age was 42.8 years (range 23\u201368 years). There were 35 males and 17 females. Forty-two patients (81%) had a prolactinoma, with the remaining patients having the following tumors: nonfunctioning pituitary adenoma (6 patients), growth hormone\u2013secreting adenoma (2 patients), mammosomatotroph cell adenoma (1 patient), and ACTH-secreting adenoma (1 patient). Infrasellar tumor invasion into the paranasal sinuses was specifically reported in 56% of patients. The medical agents associated with CSF leakage were dopamine agonists (97%) and somatostatin analogs (3%). The average time from initialization of medical treatment to onset of rhinorrhea was 3.3 months (range 3 days\u201317 months). Nonsurgical management was successful in 4 patients, including 1 who had successful resolution with a temporary lumbar drain. Forty-six patients (88%) underwent surgical intervention to treat the CSF leak and\/or resect the tumor. In 2 patients, surgery was not performed due to medical contraindications or patient preference.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Nonsurgical development of CSF rhinorrhea may occur in the setting of pituitary adenomas, especially following favorable response of invasive prolactinomas to initiation of dopamine agonist therapy. Additional cases have been reported as the presenting symptom of a pituitary adenoma and are likely to be related to decreased tumor volume due to intrinsic infarction or hemorrhage, ongoing invasion, and\/or increases in intracranial pressure. Surgical repair, preferentially via a transsphenoidal approach, is the recommended initial treatment for definitive repair of the CSF leak and achievement of maximal tumor resection.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3171\/2012.4.focus1268","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,1]],"date-time":"2012-06-01T10:01:04Z","timestamp":1338544864000},"page":"E2","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":68,"title":["Spontaneous and medically induced cerebrospinal fluid leakage in the setting of pituitary adenomas: review of the literature"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"32","author":[{"given":"Grace","family":"Lam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vivek","family":"Mehta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriel","family":"Zada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"key":"b1-0320002","series-title":"Surg Neurol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/0090-3019(82)90020-9","article-title":"Bromocriptine-induced cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea","volume":"18","author":"Afshar","year":"1982"},{"key":"b2-0320002","series-title":"Surg Neurol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1016\/0090-3019(94)90013-2","article-title":"Bromocriptine-induced cerebrospinal fluid fistula in patients with macroprolactinomas: report of three cases and a review of the literature","volume":"41","author":"Barlas","year":"1994"},{"key":"b3-0320002","series-title":"N Engl J Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198201213060322","article-title":"CSF rhinorrhea after bromocriptine for prolactinoma","volume":"306","author":"Baskin","year":"1982"},{"key":"b4-0320002","series-title":"Clin Neurol Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/0303-8467(84)90278-6","article-title":"Rhinorrhoea as the presenting symptom of pituitary adenoma","volume":"86","author":"Bilo","year":"1984"},{"key":"b5-0320002","series-title":"Surg Neurol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1016\/0090-3019(89)90137-7","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea occurring in long-term bromocriptine treatment for macroprolactinomas","volume":"32","author":"Bronstein","year":"1989"},{"key":"b6-0320002","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1966.25.2.0208","article-title":"Spontaneous rhinorrhea due to pituicytoma. Case report","volume":"25","author":"Campbell","year":"1966"},{"key":"b7-0320002","series-title":"Clin Biochem","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1016\/0009-9120(92)90030-V","article-title":"Position paper: standardization of selected polypeptide hormone measurements","volume":"25","author":"Canadian Society of Clinical Chemists","year":"1992"},{"key":"b8-0320002","series-title":"J Endocrinol Invest","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03343840","article-title":"Cabergoline-induced CSF rhinorrhea in patients with macroprolactinoma. Report of three cases","volume":"24","author":"Cappabianca","year":"2001"},{"key":"b9-0320002","series-title":"Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1177\/019459989110400316","article-title":"Spontaneous CSF rhinorrhea: an unusual presentation of a pituitary adenoma","volume":"104","author":"Carroll","year":"1991"},{"key":"b10-0320002","series-title":"Endocrinologist","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1097\/TEN.0b013e3181e94b87","article-title":"Cabergoline-induced cerebral spinal fluid leak in a patient with a large prolactinoma and MEN1","volume":"20","author":"Chapin","year":"2010"},{"key":"b11-0320002","series-title":"Ann Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.3109\/07853899809002486","article-title":"Treatment of prolactinomas","volume":"30","author":"Colao","year":"1998"},{"key":"b12-0320002","series-title":"J R Soc Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1177\/014107688007300407","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhoea in pituitary tumours","volume":"73","author":"Cole","year":"1980"},{"issue":"3","key":"b13-0320002","series-title":"Neurosurg Focus","first-page":"E11","article-title":"Simple closure following transsphenoidal surgery. Technical note","volume":"20","author":"Couldwell","year":"2006"},{"key":"b14-0320002","series-title":"Surg Neurol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surneu.2009.06.005","article-title":"Is surgical intervention frequently required for medically managed macroprolactinomas? A study of spontaneous cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea","volume":"72","author":"de Lacy","year":"2009"},{"key":"b15-0320002","series-title":"Surg Neurol","first-page":"321","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea occurring in long-term bromocriptine treatment for macroprolactinomas","volume":"38","author":"Eljamel","year":"1992"},{"issue":"4 Suppl 2","key":"b16-0320002","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"295","article-title":"Graded repair of cranial base defects and cerebrospinal fluid leaks in transsphenoidal surgery","volume":"60","author":"Esposito","year":"2007"},{"key":"b17-0320002","series-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01793131","article-title":"Cerebrospinal rhinorrhea with pituitary adenoma. (Case report)","volume":"16","author":"Giovanelli","year":"1967"},{"issue":"2-A","key":"b18-0320002","series-title":"Arq Neuropsiquiatr","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1590\/S0004-282X2001000200023","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid fistula as the presenting manifestation of pituitary adenoma: case report with a 4-year follow-up","volume":"59","author":"Hanel","year":"2001"},{"key":"b19-0320002","series-title":"Aust N Z J Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1445-5994.2000.tb00847.x","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) rhinorrhoea occurring six days after commencement of bromocriptine for invasive macroprolactinoma","volume":"30","author":"Hewage","year":"2000"},{"key":"b20-0320002","series-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01456167","article-title":"Rhinorrhea following dopamine agonist therapy of invasive macroprolactinoma","volume":"96","author":"Hildebrandt","year":"1989"},{"key":"b21-0320002","series-title":"Neurology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.34.1.111","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea caused by bromocriptine therapy of prolactinoma","volume":"34","author":"Holness","year":"1984"},{"key":"b22-0320002","series-title":"Laryngoscope","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1925","DOI":"10.1097\/MLG.0b013e3181820171","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid leakage after gamma knife radiosurgery for skull base metastasis from renal cell carcinoma: a case report","volume":"118","author":"Kim","year":"2008"},{"key":"b23-0320002","series-title":"Neurology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1193","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.35.8.1193","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea during treatment with bromocriptine for prolactinoma","volume":"35","author":"Kok","year":"1985"},{"key":"b24-0320002","series-title":"Neurosurgery","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1227\/00006123-198209000-00010","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea: a complication of therapy for invasive prolactinomas","volume":"11","author":"Landolt","year":"1982"},{"key":"b25-0320002","series-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2265.2000.00901.x","article-title":"CSF rhinorrhoea following treatment with dopamine agonists for massive invasive prolactinomas","volume":"52","author":"Leong","year":"2000"},{"key":"b26-0320002","series-title":"Am J Otolaryngol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjoto.2010.07.012","article-title":"Spontaneous cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea as the initial presentation of growth hormone-secreting pituitary adenoma","volume":"32","author":"Makin","year":"2011"},{"key":"b27-0320002","series-title":"J Clin Neurosci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2004.03.002","article-title":"Acute complications of dopamine agonist treatment for macroprolactinoma \u2013 how uncommon?","volume":"11","author":"Nadesapillai","year":"2004"},{"key":"b28-0320002","series-title":"J Endocrinol Invest","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03349214","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid leakage as complication of treatment with cabergoline for macroprolactinomas","volume":"29","author":"Netea-Maier","year":"2006"},{"key":"b29-0320002","series-title":"Neurology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.3.11.864","article-title":"Cerebrospinal rhinorrhea with pituitary tumors","volume":"3","author":"Norsa","year":"1953"},{"key":"b30-0320002","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"195","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea as a presentation of pituitary adenoma","volume":"6","author":"Nutkiewicz","year":"1980"},{"key":"b31-0320002","series-title":"Surg Neurol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1016\/0090-3019(90)90202-Z","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea in patients with untreated pituitary adenoma: report of two cases","volume":"33","author":"Obana","year":"1990"},{"key":"b32-0320002","series-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.31.3.214","article-title":"Nontraumatic cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhoea","volume":"31","author":"Ommaya","year":"1968"},{"key":"b33-0320002","series-title":"Arch Neurol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1982.00510190060021","article-title":"CSF rhinorrhea from untreated pituitary adenoma","volume":"39","author":"Rothrock","year":"1982"},{"key":"b34-0320002","series-title":"Ann Saudi Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.5144\/0256-4947.1994.64","article-title":"Bromocriptine-induced cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea in invasive prolactinoma: case report and review of the literature","volume":"14","author":"Russell","year":"1994"},{"key":"b35-0320002","series-title":"Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1097\/MOO.0b013e32833a4706","article-title":"Anterior skull base reconstruction: a review of current techniques","volume":"18","author":"Schmalbach","year":"2010"},{"key":"b36-0320002","series-title":"Surg Neurol","first-page":"150","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea in patients with untreated pituitary adenoma: report of two cases","volume":"36","author":"Spaziante","year":"1991"},{"key":"b37-0320002","series-title":"Neurosurg Rev","first-page":"78","article-title":"Spontaneous cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea as the presenting symptom of sellar pathologies: three demonstrative cases","volume":"30","author":"Telera","year":"2007"},{"key":"b38-0320002","series-title":"Pituitary","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1007\/s11102-010-0274-z","article-title":"Transnasal trans-sphenoidal endoscopic repair of CSF leak secondary to invasive pituitary tumours using a nasoseptal flap","volume":"14","author":"Thakur","year":"2011"},{"key":"b39-0320002","series-title":"Acta Endocrinol (Copenh)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1530\/acta.0.1030457","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhoea during treatment of pituitary tumours with bromocriptine","volume":"103","author":"Wilson","year":"1983"},{"issue":"4","key":"b40-0320002","series-title":"Neurosurg Focus","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E4","DOI":"10.3171\/2010.7.FOCUS10155","article-title":"Patterns of extrasellar extension in growth hormone-secreting and nonfunctional pituitary macroadenomas","volume":"29","author":"Zada","year":"2010"},{"key":"b1-0320002","series-title":"Surg Neurol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/0090-3019(82)90020-9","article-title":"Bromocriptine-induced cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea","volume":"18","author":"Afshar","year":"1982"},{"key":"b2-0320002","series-title":"Surg Neurol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1016\/0090-3019(94)90013-2","article-title":"Bromocriptine-induced cerebrospinal fluid fistula in patients with macroprolactinomas: report of three cases and a review of the literature","volume":"41","author":"Barlas","year":"1994"},{"key":"b3-0320002","series-title":"N Engl J Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198201213060322","article-title":"CSF rhinorrhea after bromocriptine for prolactinoma","volume":"306","author":"Baskin","year":"1982"},{"key":"b4-0320002","series-title":"Clin Neurol Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/0303-8467(84)90278-6","article-title":"Rhinorrhoea as the presenting symptom of pituitary adenoma","volume":"86","author":"Bilo","year":"1984"},{"key":"b5-0320002","series-title":"Surg Neurol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1016\/0090-3019(89)90137-7","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea occurring in long-term bromocriptine treatment for macroprolactinomas","volume":"32","author":"Bronstein","year":"1989"},{"key":"b6-0320002","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1966.25.2.0208","article-title":"Spontaneous rhinorrhea due to pituicytoma. Case report","volume":"25","author":"Campbell","year":"1966"},{"key":"b7-0320002","series-title":"Clin Biochem","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1016\/0009-9120(92)90030-V","article-title":"Position paper: standardization of selected polypeptide hormone measurements","volume":"25","author":"Canadian Society of Clinical Chemists","year":"1992"},{"key":"b8-0320002","series-title":"J Endocrinol Invest","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03343840","article-title":"Cabergoline-induced CSF rhinorrhea in patients with macroprolactinoma. Report of three cases","volume":"24","author":"Cappabianca","year":"2001"},{"key":"b9-0320002","series-title":"Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1177\/019459989110400316","article-title":"Spontaneous CSF rhinorrhea: an unusual presentation of a pituitary adenoma","volume":"104","author":"Carroll","year":"1991"},{"key":"b10-0320002","series-title":"Endocrinologist","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1097\/TEN.0b013e3181e94b87","article-title":"Cabergoline-induced cerebral spinal fluid leak in a patient with a large prolactinoma and MEN1","volume":"20","author":"Chapin","year":"2010"},{"key":"b11-0320002","series-title":"Ann Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.3109\/07853899809002486","article-title":"Treatment of prolactinomas","volume":"30","author":"Colao","year":"1998"},{"key":"b12-0320002","series-title":"J R Soc Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1177\/014107688007300407","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhoea in pituitary tumours","volume":"73","author":"Cole","year":"1980"},{"issue":"3","key":"b13-0320002","series-title":"Neurosurg Focus","first-page":"E11","article-title":"Simple closure following transsphenoidal surgery. Technical note","volume":"20","author":"Couldwell","year":"2006"},{"key":"b14-0320002","series-title":"Surg Neurol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surneu.2009.06.005","article-title":"Is surgical intervention frequently required for medically managed macroprolactinomas? A study of spontaneous cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea","volume":"72","author":"de Lacy","year":"2009"},{"key":"b15-0320002","series-title":"Surg Neurol","first-page":"321","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea occurring in long-term bromocriptine treatment for macroprolactinomas","volume":"38","author":"Eljamel","year":"1992"},{"issue":"4 Suppl 2","key":"b16-0320002","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"295","article-title":"Graded repair of cranial base defects and cerebrospinal fluid leaks in transsphenoidal surgery","volume":"60","author":"Esposito","year":"2007"},{"key":"b17-0320002","series-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01793131","article-title":"Cerebrospinal rhinorrhea with pituitary adenoma. (Case report)","volume":"16","author":"Giovanelli","year":"1967"},{"issue":"2-A","key":"b18-0320002","series-title":"Arq Neuropsiquiatr","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1590\/S0004-282X2001000200023","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid fistula as the presenting manifestation of pituitary adenoma: case report with a 4-year follow-up","volume":"59","author":"Hanel","year":"2001"},{"key":"b19-0320002","series-title":"Aust N Z J Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1445-5994.2000.tb00847.x","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) rhinorrhoea occurring six days after commencement of bromocriptine for invasive macroprolactinoma","volume":"30","author":"Hewage","year":"2000"},{"key":"b20-0320002","series-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01456167","article-title":"Rhinorrhea following dopamine agonist therapy of invasive macroprolactinoma","volume":"96","author":"Hildebrandt","year":"1989"},{"key":"b21-0320002","series-title":"Neurology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.34.1.111","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea caused by bromocriptine therapy of prolactinoma","volume":"34","author":"Holness","year":"1984"},{"key":"b22-0320002","series-title":"Laryngoscope","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1925","DOI":"10.1097\/MLG.0b013e3181820171","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid leakage after gamma knife radiosurgery for skull base metastasis from renal cell carcinoma: a case report","volume":"118","author":"Kim","year":"2008"},{"key":"b23-0320002","series-title":"Neurology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1193","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.35.8.1193","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea during treatment with bromocriptine for prolactinoma","volume":"35","author":"Kok","year":"1985"},{"key":"b24-0320002","series-title":"Neurosurgery","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1227\/00006123-198209000-00010","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea: a complication of therapy for invasive prolactinomas","volume":"11","author":"Landolt","year":"1982"},{"key":"b25-0320002","series-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2265.2000.00901.x","article-title":"CSF rhinorrhoea following treatment with dopamine agonists for massive invasive prolactinomas","volume":"52","author":"Leong","year":"2000"},{"key":"b26-0320002","series-title":"Am J Otolaryngol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjoto.2010.07.012","article-title":"Spontaneous cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea as the initial presentation of growth hormone-secreting pituitary adenoma","volume":"32","author":"Makin","year":"2011"},{"key":"b27-0320002","series-title":"J Clin Neurosci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2004.03.002","article-title":"Acute complications of dopamine agonist treatment for macroprolactinoma \u2013 how uncommon?","volume":"11","author":"Nadesapillai","year":"2004"},{"key":"b28-0320002","series-title":"J Endocrinol Invest","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03349214","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid leakage as complication of treatment with cabergoline for macroprolactinomas","volume":"29","author":"Netea-Maier","year":"2006"},{"key":"b29-0320002","series-title":"Neurology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.3.11.864","article-title":"Cerebrospinal rhinorrhea with pituitary tumors","volume":"3","author":"Norsa","year":"1953"},{"key":"b30-0320002","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"195","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea as a presentation of pituitary adenoma","volume":"6","author":"Nutkiewicz","year":"1980"},{"key":"b31-0320002","series-title":"Surg Neurol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1016\/0090-3019(90)90202-Z","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea in patients with untreated pituitary adenoma: report of two cases","volume":"33","author":"Obana","year":"1990"},{"key":"b32-0320002","series-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.31.3.214","article-title":"Nontraumatic cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhoea","volume":"31","author":"Ommaya","year":"1968"},{"key":"b33-0320002","series-title":"Arch Neurol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1982.00510190060021","article-title":"CSF rhinorrhea from untreated pituitary adenoma","volume":"39","author":"Rothrock","year":"1982"},{"key":"b34-0320002","series-title":"Ann Saudi Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.5144\/0256-4947.1994.64","article-title":"Bromocriptine-induced cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea in invasive prolactinoma: case report and review of the literature","volume":"14","author":"Russell","year":"1994"},{"key":"b35-0320002","series-title":"Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1097\/MOO.0b013e32833a4706","article-title":"Anterior skull base reconstruction: a review of current techniques","volume":"18","author":"Schmalbach","year":"2010"},{"key":"b36-0320002","series-title":"Surg Neurol","first-page":"150","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea in patients with untreated pituitary adenoma: report of two cases","volume":"36","author":"Spaziante","year":"1991"},{"key":"b37-0320002","series-title":"Neurosurg Rev","first-page":"78","article-title":"Spontaneous cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea as the presenting symptom of sellar pathologies: three demonstrative cases","volume":"30","author":"Telera","year":"2007"},{"key":"b38-0320002","series-title":"Pituitary","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1007\/s11102-010-0274-z","article-title":"Transnasal trans-sphenoidal endoscopic repair of CSF leak secondary to invasive pituitary tumours using a nasoseptal flap","volume":"14","author":"Thakur","year":"2011"},{"key":"b39-0320002","series-title":"Acta Endocrinol (Copenh)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1530\/acta.0.1030457","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhoea during treatment of pituitary tumours with bromocriptine","volume":"103","author":"Wilson","year":"1983"},{"issue":"4","key":"b40-0320002","series-title":"Neurosurg Focus","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E4","DOI":"10.3171\/2010.7.FOCUS10155","article-title":"Patterns of extrasellar extension in growth hormone-secreting and nonfunctional pituitary macroadenomas","volume":"29","author":"Zada","year":"2010"}],"container-title":["Neurosurgical Focus"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/view\/journals\/neurosurg-focus\/32\/6\/2012.4.focus1268.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/neurosurg-focus\/32\/6\/2012.4.focus1268.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/neurosurg-focus\/32\/6\/2012.4.focus1268.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,30]],"date-time":"2026-05-30T08:13:43Z","timestamp":1780128823000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/view\/journals\/neurosurg-focus\/32\/6\/2012.4.focus1268.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,6]]},"references-count":80,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/2012.4.focus1268","relation":{},"ISSN":["1092-0684"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1092-0684","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,6]]}}}