{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,11]],"date-time":"2026-07-11T00:48:44Z","timestamp":1783730924451,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JNS"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Object<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Nerve repair using motor fascicles of a different nerve was first described for the repair of elbow flexion (Oberlin technique). In this paper, the authors describe their experience with a similar method for axillary nerve reconstruction in cases of upper brachial plexus palsy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Of 791 nerve reconstructions performed by the senior author (P.H.) between 1993 and 2011 in 441 patients with brachial plexus injury, 14 involved axillary nerve repair by fascicle transfer from the ulnar or median nerve. All 14 of these procedures were performed between 2007 and 2010. This technique was used only when there was a deficit of the thoracodorsal or long thoracic nerve, which are normally used as donors.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Nine patients were followed up for 24 months or longer. Good recovery of deltoid muscle strength was seen in 7 (77.8%) of these 9 patients, and in 4 patients with less follow-up (14\u201323 months), for an overall success rate of 78.6%. The procedure was unsuccessful in 2 of the 9 patients with at least 24 months of follow-up. The first showed no signs of reinnervation of the axillary nerve by either clinical or electromyographic evaluation in 26 months of follow-up, and the second had Medical Research Council (MRC) Grade 2 strength in the deltoid muscle 36 months after the operation. The last of the group of 14 patients has had 12 months of follow-up and is showing progressive improvement of deltoid muscle function (MRC Grade 2).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The authors conclude that fascicle transfer from the ulnar or median nerve onto the axillary nerve is a safe and effective method for reconstruction of the axillary nerve in patients with upper brachial plexus injury.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3171\/2012.5.jns111572","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,29]],"date-time":"2012-06-29T14:05:43Z","timestamp":1340978743000},"page":"610-614","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Axillary nerve repair by fascicle transfer from the ulnar or median nerve in upper brachial plexus palsy"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"117","author":[{"given":"Pavel","family":"Haninec","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Radek","family":"Kaiser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"key":"b1-jns111572","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"370","article-title":"Axillary nerve repair by triceps motor branch transfer through an axillary access: anatomical basis and clinical results","volume":"107","author":"Bertelli","year":"2007"},{"key":"b2-jns111572","series-title":"Microsurgery","first-page":"107","article-title":"Microscopic anatomy of the adult human brachial plexus: an anatomical and histological basis for microsurgery","volume":"5","author":"Bonnel","year":"1984"},{"key":"b3-jns111572","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"69","article-title":"Diagnosis of root avulsions in traumatic brachial plexus injuries: value of computerized tomography myelography and magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"86","author":"Carvalho","year":"1997"},{"issue":"5","key":"b4-jns111572","series-title":"Neurosurg Focus","first-page":"E6","article-title":"Reinnervation of the biceps in C5-7 brachial plexus avulsion injuries: results after distal bypass surgery","volume":"16","author":"Ferraresi","year":"2004"},{"key":"b5-jns111572","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"391","article-title":"Direct repair (nerve grafting), neurotization, and end-to-side neurorrhaphy in the treatment of brachial plexus injury","volume":"106","author":"Haninec","year":"2007"},{"key":"b6-jns111572","series-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg","first-page":"740","article-title":"Long head of the triceps branch transfer to axillary nerve in C5, C6 brachial plexus injuries: anterior approach","volume":"128","author":"Jerome","year":"2011"},{"key":"b7-jns111572","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"1005","article-title":"Outcomes of surgery in 1019 brachial plexus lesions treated at Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center","volume":"98","author":"Kim","year":"2003"},{"key":"b8-jns111572","series-title":"J Hand Surg Am","first-page":"633","article-title":"Nerve transfer to deltoid muscle using the nerve to the long head of the triceps, part II: a report of 7 cases","volume":"28","author":"Leechavengvongs","year":"2003"},{"key":"b9-jns111572","series-title":"J Neurosurg","article-title":"Nerve transfers for the restoration of hand function after spinal cord injury","author":"Mackinnon"},{"issue":"5","key":"b10-jns111572","series-title":"Neurosurg Focus","first-page":"E5","article-title":"Nerve transfers for severe brachial plexus injuries: a review","volume":"16","author":"Midha","year":"2004"},{"key":"b11-jns111572","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"308","article-title":"Brachial plexus injuries: outcome following neurotization with intercostal nerve","volume":"107","author":"Moiyadi","year":"2007"},{"key":"b12-jns111572","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"830","article-title":"Physiological and clinical advantages of median nerve fascicle transfer to the musculocutaneous nerve following brachial plexus root avulsion injury","volume":"105","author":"Nath","year":"2006"},{"key":"b13-jns111572","series-title":"J Hand Surg Am","first-page":"232","article-title":"Nerve transfer to biceps muscle using a part of ulnar nerve for C5-C6 avulsion of the brachial plexus: anatomical study and report of four cases","volume":"19","author":"Oberlin","year":"1994"},{"key":"b14-jns111572","series-title":"J Hand Surg Am","first-page":"398","article-title":"Nerve transfer to the triceps after brachial plexus injury: report of four cases","volume":"36","author":"Pet","year":"2011"},{"key":"b15-jns111572","series-title":"Br J Plast Surg","first-page":"541","article-title":"The use of thoracodorsal nerve transfer in restoration of irreparable C5 and C6 spinal nerve lesions","volume":"58","author":"Samardzic","year":"2005"},{"key":"b16-jns111572","series-title":"Peripheral Nerve Injuries","author":"Seddon","year":"1954"},{"key":"b17-jns111572","series-title":"Scand J Surg","first-page":"317","article-title":"Management of brachial plexus injury in adults","volume":"97","author":"Songcharoen","year":"2008"},{"key":"b18-jns111572","series-title":"J Thai Orthop Surg","first-page":"93","article-title":"Ipsilateral median nerve's fascicle transfer for restoration of elbow flexion in root avulsion brachial plexus injury","volume":"26","author":"Songcharoen","year":"2001"},{"issue":"4 Suppl","key":"b19-jns111572","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"A55","article-title":"Nerve transfer surgery for adult brachial plexus injury: a 10-year experience at Louisiana State University","volume":"65","author":"Sulaiman","year":"2009"},{"key":"b20-jns111572","series-title":"Microsurgery","first-page":"10","article-title":"One-fascicle median nerve transfer to biceps muscle in C5 and C6 root avulsions of brachial plexus injury","volume":"23","author":"Sungpet","year":"2003"},{"key":"b21-jns111572","series-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg","first-page":"927","article-title":"Selective contralateral c7 transfer in posttraumatic brachial plexus injuries: a report of 56 cases","volume":"123","author":"Terzis","year":"2009"},{"key":"b22-jns111572","series-title":"Microsurgery","first-page":"316","article-title":"Restoration of shoulder function with nerve transfers in traumatic brachial plexus palsy patients","volume":"26","author":"Terzis","year":"2006"},{"key":"b23-jns111572","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"313","article-title":"Nerve transfers to the biceps and brachialis branches to improve elbow flexion strength after brachial plexus 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