{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T05:39:21Z","timestamp":1791092361856,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JNS"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Object<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Despite the role of aging in development of neurological and neurodegenerative diseases, the effects of age are often disregarded in experimental design of preclinical studies. Functional assessment increases the clinical relevance of animal models of neurological disease and adds value beyond traditional histological measures. However, the relationship between age and functional impairment has not been systematically assessed through a battery of functional tests.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>In this study, various sensorimotor and behavioral tests were used to evaluate effects of aging on functional performance in naive animals. Sensorimotor measures included locomotor activity; Rotarod, inclined plane, and grip-strength testing; and modified Neurological Severity Score. The Morris water maze was used to examine differences in learning and memory, and the elevated plus maze and forced swim test were used to assess anxiety-like and depressive-like behaviors, respectively.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Older Sprague-Dawley rats (18\u201320 months) were found to perform significantly worse on the inclined plane tests, and they exhibited alterations in elevated-plus maze and forced swim test compared with young adult rats (3\u20134 months). Specifically, older rats exhibited reduced exploration of open arms in elevated plus maze and higher immobility time in forced swim test. Spatial acquisition and reference memory were diminished in older rats compared with those in young adult rats.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>This study demonstrates clear differences between naive young adult and older animals, which may have implications in functional assessment for preclinical models of neurological disease.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3171\/2012.5.jns112224","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,29]],"date-time":"2012-06-29T14:05:43Z","timestamp":1340978743000},"page":"629-637","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Effects of aging on behavioral assessment performance: implications for clinically relevant models of neurological disease"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"117","author":[{"given":"Ryan C.","family":"Turner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery and"},{"name":"The Center for Neuroscience, West Virginia University, School of Medicine; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael J.","family":"Seminerio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Center for Neuroscience, West Virginia University, School of Medicine; and"},{"name":"Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, West Virginia University, School of Pharmacy, Morgantown, West Virginia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zachary J.","family":"Naser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. Neal","family":"Ford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, West Virginia University, School of Pharmacy, Morgantown, West Virginia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samantha J.","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, West Virginia University, School of Pharmacy, Morgantown, West Virginia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rae R.","family":"Matsumoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Center for Neuroscience, West Virginia University, School of Medicine; and"},{"name":"Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, West Virginia University, School of Pharmacy, Morgantown, West Virginia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles L.","family":"Rosen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery and"},{"name":"The Center for Neuroscience, West Virginia University, School of Medicine; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jason D.","family":"Huber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Center for Neuroscience, West Virginia University, School of Medicine; and"},{"name":"Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, West Virginia University, School of Pharmacy, Morgantown, West Virginia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"key":"b1-jns112224","series-title":"J Cereb Blood Flow Metab","first-page":"845","article-title":"Accelerated glial reactivity to stroke in aged rats correlates with reduced functional recovery","volume":"23","author":"Badan","year":"2003"},{"key":"b2-jns112224","series-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci","first-page":"574","article-title":"Animal models of neurological deficits: how relevant is the rat?","volume":"3","author":"Cenci","year":"2002"},{"key":"b3-jns112224","series-title":"Arch Neurol","first-page":"1185","article-title":"Risk factors and preventive interventions for Alzheimer disease: state of the science","volume":"68","author":"Daviglus","year":"2011"},{"key":"b4-jns112224","series-title":"Stroke","first-page":"2244","article-title":"Update of the stroke therapy academic industry roundtable preclinical recommendations","volume":"40","author":"Fisher","year":"2009"},{"key":"b5-jns112224","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"916","article-title":"The effect of age on outcome following traumatic brain injury in rats","volume":"75","author":"Hamm","year":"1991"},{"key":"b6-jns112224","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"1072","article-title":"The effect of age on motor and cognitive deficits after traumatic brain injury in rats","volume":"31","author":"Hamm","year":"1992"},{"key":"b7-jns112224","series-title":"Trends Pharmacol Sci","first-page":"59","article-title":"To what extent have functional studies of ischaemia in animals been useful in the assessment of potential neuroprotective agents?","volume":"19","author":"Hunter","year":"1998"},{"key":"b8-jns112224","series-title":"Neurotoxicol Teratol","first-page":"543","article-title":"Factors affecting grip strength testing","volume":"25","author":"Maurissen","year":"2003"},{"key":"b9-jns112224","series-title":"Neurobiol Aging","article-title":"Combined age- and trauma-related proteomic changes in rat neocortex: a basis for brain vulnerability","author":"Mehan","year":"2011"},{"key":"b10-jns112224","series-title":"J Neurosci Methods","first-page":"219","article-title":"Comparison of incremental and accelerating protocols of the rotarod test for the assessment of motor deficits in the 6-OHDA model","volume":"158","author":"Monville","year":"2006"},{"key":"b11-jns112224","series-title":"Exp Neurol","first-page":"222","article-title":"Stroke upregulates TNFalpha transport across the blood-brain barrier","volume":"198","author":"Pan","year":"2006"},{"key":"b12-jns112224","series-title":"Neurobiol Aging","first-page":"417","article-title":"Effect of life-long hypocaloric diet on age-related changes in motor and cognitive behavior in a rat population","volume":"11","author":"Pitsikas","year":"1990"},{"key":"b13-jns112224","series-title":"Ageing Res Rev","first-page":"71","article-title":"Perturbed cellular response to brain injury during aging","volume":"10","author":"Popa-Wagner","year":"2011"},{"key":"b14-jns112224","series-title":"Rom J Morphol Embryol","first-page":"155","article-title":"Central nervous system aging and regeneration after injuries. 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