{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T01:14:54Z","timestamp":1789002894701,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["FOC"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Object<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Vestibular schwannomas (VSs) are benign tumors of the eighth cranial nerve sheath, representing approximately 6%\u20138% of all newly diagnosed brain tumors, with an annual incidence of 2000\u20132500 cases in the US. Although most of these lesions are solid, cystic vestibular schwannomas (CVSs) compose 4%\u201320% of all VSs and are commonly larger at the time of presentation. The authors present their experience with the operative management of CVSs, including surgical approach, extent of resection, and postoperative facial nerve outcomes. The literature pertaining to clinical and histopathological differences between CVSs and their solid counterparts is reviewed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The University of Southern California Department of Neurosurgery database was retrospectively reviewed to identify patients who had undergone resection of a VS between 2000 and 2010. One hundred seventy-nine patients with VS were identified. Patients with CVSs were the subject of the present analysis. Diagnosis of a CVS was made based on MRI findings. Clinical and neuroimaging data, including pre- and postoperative assessments and operative notes, were collected and reviewed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Twenty-three patients, 14 men (61%) and 9 women (39%), underwent 24 operations for CVSs. These patients composed 12.8% of all cases of VS. Patient ages ranged from 28 to 78 years (mean 55 years), and the mean maximal tumor diameter was 3.6 cm (range 2.0\u20134.0 cm). Patients most frequently presented with headache, hearing loss, vertigo, and dizziness. Preoperative facial numbness was reported in 44% of patients. Among the 24 cases, 13 were treated with retrosigmoid craniotomy and 11 via a translabyrinthine approach. Complete resection was achieved in 11 patients (48%), subtotal resection (STR) in 8 patients (35%), and near-total resection (NTR) in 4 patients (17%). Facial nerve outcomes were available in all except one case. Good facial nerve outcomes (House-Brackmann [HB] Grades I\u2013III) were achieved in 82% of the patients who had undergone either NTR or STR, as compared with 73% of patients who had undergone gross-total resection (GTR; p &gt; 0.05, Fisher exact test). In comparison, 83% of patients with solid VSs had a good HB grade (p = 0.38, Fisher exact test), although this finding did not reach statistical significance. Complications included wound infection (2 patients), delayed CSF leakage (1 patient), and a delayed temporal encephalocele following a translabyrinthine approach and requiring surgical repair (1 patient).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cystic vestibular schwannoma represents a clinical and surgical entity separate from its solid counterpart, as demonstrated by its more rapid clinical course and early surgical outcomes. Facial nerve grades may correlate with the degree of tumor resection, trending toward poorer grades with more significant resections. Although GTR is recommended whenever possible, performing an STR when facial nerve preservation is in jeopardy to improve facial nerve outcomes is the preferred strategy at the authors' institution.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3171\/2012.7.focus12206","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,1]],"date-time":"2012-09-01T12:14:35Z","timestamp":1346501675000},"page":"E13","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Extent of resection and early postoperative outcomes following removal of cystic vestibular schwannomas: surgical experience over a decade and review of the literature"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"Parham","family":"Yashar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriel","family":"Zada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brianna","family":"Harris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven L.","family":"Giannotta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"key":"b1-0330013","series-title":"Neurosurg Rev","first-page":"209","article-title":"Cystic versus solid vestibular schwannomas: a series of 80 grade III-IV patients","volume":"28","author":"Benech","year":"2005"},{"key":"b2-0330013","series-title":"Laryngoscope","first-page":"1348","article-title":"Histopathology and growth pattern of cystic acoustic neuromas","volume":"104","author":"Charabi","year":"1994"},{"key":"b3-0330013","series-title":"Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg","first-page":"1333","article-title":"Cystic acoustic neuromas. Results of translabyrinthine surgery","volume":"120","author":"Charabi","year":"1994"},{"key":"b4-0330013","series-title":"Neurochirurgie","first-page":"401","article-title":"[Cystic vestibular schwannomas.]","volume":"50","author":"Delsanti","year":"2004"},{"key":"b5-0330013","series-title":"Am J Otol","first-page":"595","article-title":"Cystic vestibular schwannoma","volume":"21","author":"Falcioni","year":"2000"},{"key":"b6-0330013","series-title":"J Laryngol Otol","first-page":"935","article-title":"Cystic vestibular schwannoma: surgical outcome","volume":"114","author":"Fundov\u00e1","year":"2000"},{"key":"b7-0330013","series-title":"Zentralbl Neurochir","first-page":"204","article-title":"Hemorrhage into cystic vestibular schwannoma following stereotactic radiation therapy","volume":"69","author":"Ganslandt","year":"2008"},{"key":"b8-0330013","series-title":"Otol Neurotol","first-page":"629","article-title":"Surgery for large vestibular schwannoma: residual tumor and outcome","volume":"30","author":"Godefroy","year":"2009"},{"key":"b9-0330013","series-title":"Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg","first-page":"146","article-title":"Facial nerve grading system","volume":"93","author":"House","year":"1985"},{"key":"b10-0330013","series-title":"Am J Otol","first-page":"690","article-title":"Incidence of vestibular schwannoma in Denmark, 1977\u20131995","volume":"21","author":"Howitz","year":"2000"},{"key":"b11-0330013","series-title":"J Formos Med Assoc","first-page":"487","article-title":"Magnetic resonance imaging of acoustic schwannomas","volume":"94","author":"Jeng","year":"1995"},{"key":"b12-0330013","series-title":"Skull Base","first-page":"281","article-title":"Are facial nerve outcomes worse following surgery for cystic vestibular schwannoma?","volume":"17","author":"Jones","year":"2007"},{"key":"b13-0330013","series-title":"Otol Neurotol","first-page":"642","article-title":"New and modified reporting systems from the consensus meeting on systems for reporting results in vestibular schwannoma","volume":"24","author":"Kanzaki","year":"2003"},{"key":"b14-0330013","series-title":"Neuroradiology","first-page":"65","article-title":"Investigation of patients presenting with cerebellopontine angle syndromes","volume":"13","author":"Kendall","year":"1977"},{"key":"b15-0330013","series-title":"Otolaryngol Clin North Am","first-page":"353","article-title":"Radiation therapy and radiosurgery for vestibular schwannomas: indications, techniques, and results","volume":"45","author":"Link","year":"2012"},{"key":"b16-0330013","series-title":"Clin Neurosurg","first-page":"347","article-title":"Analysis of patterns of care of brain tumor patients in the United States: a study of the Brain Tumor Section of the AANS and the CNS and the Commission on Cancer of the ACS","volume":"36","author":"Mahaley","year":"1990"},{"key":"b17-0330013","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"866","article-title":"Cystic vestibular schwannomas: a possible role of matrix metalloproteinase-2 in cyst development and unfavorable surgical outcome","volume":"106","author":"Moon","year":"2007"},{"key":"b18-0330013","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"576","article-title":"Microhemorrhage, a possible mechanism for cyst formation in vestibular schwannomas","volume":"105","author":"Park","year":"2006"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"b19-0330013","series-title":"Stereotact Funct Neurosurg","first-page":"103","article-title":"Acoustic neurinomas with macrocysts treated with Gamma Knife radiosurgery","volume":"66","author":"Pendl","year":"1996"},{"key":"b20-0330013","series-title":"Otol Neurotol","first-page":"826","article-title":"Cystic vestibular schwannoma: classification, management, and facial nerve outcomes","volume":"30","author":"Piccirillo","year":"2009"},{"key":"b21-0330013","series-title":"Radiology","first-page":"367","article-title":"Computed tomography of acoustic neurinoma","volume":"128","author":"Robbins","year":"1978"},{"key":"b22-0330013","series-title":"Am J Otol","first-page":"846","article-title":"Radiologic surveillance of acoustic neuromas","volume":"19","author":"Selesnick","year":"1998"},{"key":"b23-0330013","series-title":"J Clin Neurosci","first-page":"511","article-title":"Cystic acoustic neuromas: surgical outcome in a series of 58 patients","volume":"15","author":"Sinha","year":"2008"},{"key":"b24-0330013","series-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol","first-page":"1241","article-title":"Cystic acoustic schwannomas: MR characteristics","volume":"14","author":"Tali","year":"1993"},{"key":"b25-0330013","series-title":"Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg","first-page":"216","article-title":"What is the real incidence of vestibular schwannoma?","volume":"130","author":"Tos","year":"2004"},{"key":"b26-0330013","series-title":"Can Assoc Radiol J","first-page":"453","article-title":"Cystic intracranial schwannoma","volume":"44","author":"Wallace","year":"1993"},{"key":"b27-0330013","series-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry","first-page":"453","article-title":"Removal of large acoustic neurinomas (vestibular schwannomas) by the retrosigmoid approach with no mortality and minimal morbidity","volume":"75","author":"Yamakami","year":"2004"},{"key":"b1-0330013","series-title":"Neurosurg Rev","first-page":"209","article-title":"Cystic versus solid vestibular schwannomas: a series of 80 grade III-IV patients","volume":"28","author":"Benech","year":"2005"},{"key":"b2-0330013","series-title":"Laryngoscope","first-page":"1348","article-title":"Histopathology and growth pattern of cystic acoustic neuromas","volume":"104","author":"Charabi","year":"1994"},{"key":"b3-0330013","series-title":"Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg","first-page":"1333","article-title":"Cystic acoustic neuromas. Results of translabyrinthine surgery","volume":"120","author":"Charabi","year":"1994"},{"key":"b4-0330013","series-title":"Neurochirurgie","first-page":"401","article-title":"[Cystic vestibular schwannomas.]","volume":"50","author":"Delsanti","year":"2004"},{"key":"b5-0330013","series-title":"Am J Otol","first-page":"595","article-title":"Cystic vestibular schwannoma","volume":"21","author":"Falcioni","year":"2000"},{"key":"b6-0330013","series-title":"J Laryngol Otol","first-page":"935","article-title":"Cystic vestibular schwannoma: surgical outcome","volume":"114","author":"Fundov\u00e1","year":"2000"},{"key":"b7-0330013","series-title":"Zentralbl Neurochir","first-page":"204","article-title":"Hemorrhage into cystic vestibular schwannoma following stereotactic radiation therapy","volume":"69","author":"Ganslandt","year":"2008"},{"key":"b8-0330013","series-title":"Otol Neurotol","first-page":"629","article-title":"Surgery for large vestibular schwannoma: residual tumor and outcome","volume":"30","author":"Godefroy","year":"2009"},{"key":"b9-0330013","series-title":"Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg","first-page":"146","article-title":"Facial nerve grading system","volume":"93","author":"House","year":"1985"},{"key":"b10-0330013","series-title":"Am J Otol","first-page":"690","article-title":"Incidence of vestibular schwannoma in Denmark, 1977\u20131995","volume":"21","author":"Howitz","year":"2000"},{"key":"b11-0330013","series-title":"J Formos Med Assoc","first-page":"487","article-title":"Magnetic resonance imaging of acoustic schwannomas","volume":"94","author":"Jeng","year":"1995"},{"key":"b12-0330013","series-title":"Skull Base","first-page":"281","article-title":"Are facial nerve outcomes worse following surgery for cystic vestibular schwannoma?","volume":"17","author":"Jones","year":"2007"},{"key":"b13-0330013","series-title":"Otol Neurotol","first-page":"642","article-title":"New and modified reporting systems from the consensus meeting on systems for reporting results in vestibular schwannoma","volume":"24","author":"Kanzaki","year":"2003"},{"key":"b14-0330013","series-title":"Neuroradiology","first-page":"65","article-title":"Investigation of patients presenting with cerebellopontine angle syndromes","volume":"13","author":"Kendall","year":"1977"},{"key":"b15-0330013","series-title":"Otolaryngol Clin North Am","first-page":"353","article-title":"Radiation therapy and radiosurgery for vestibular schwannomas: indications, techniques, and results","volume":"45","author":"Link","year":"2012"},{"key":"b16-0330013","series-title":"Clin Neurosurg","first-page":"347","article-title":"Analysis of patterns of care of brain tumor patients in the United States: a study of the Brain Tumor Section of the AANS and the CNS and the Commission on Cancer of the ACS","volume":"36","author":"Mahaley","year":"1990"},{"key":"b17-0330013","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"866","article-title":"Cystic vestibular schwannomas: a possible role of matrix metalloproteinase-2 in cyst development and unfavorable surgical outcome","volume":"106","author":"Moon","year":"2007"},{"key":"b18-0330013","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"576","article-title":"Microhemorrhage, a possible mechanism for cyst formation in vestibular schwannomas","volume":"105","author":"Park","year":"2006"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"b19-0330013","series-title":"Stereotact Funct Neurosurg","first-page":"103","article-title":"Acoustic neurinomas with macrocysts treated with Gamma Knife radiosurgery","volume":"66","author":"Pendl","year":"1996"},{"key":"b20-0330013","series-title":"Otol Neurotol","first-page":"826","article-title":"Cystic vestibular schwannoma: classification, management, and facial nerve outcomes","volume":"30","author":"Piccirillo","year":"2009"},{"key":"b21-0330013","series-title":"Radiology","first-page":"367","article-title":"Computed tomography of acoustic neurinoma","volume":"128","author":"Robbins","year":"1978"},{"key":"b22-0330013","series-title":"Am J Otol","first-page":"846","article-title":"Radiologic surveillance of acoustic neuromas","volume":"19","author":"Selesnick","year":"1998"},{"key":"b23-0330013","series-title":"J Clin Neurosci","first-page":"511","article-title":"Cystic acoustic neuromas: surgical outcome in a series of 58 patients","volume":"15","author":"Sinha","year":"2008"},{"key":"b24-0330013","series-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol","first-page":"1241","article-title":"Cystic acoustic schwannomas: MR characteristics","volume":"14","author":"Tali","year":"1993"},{"key":"b25-0330013","series-title":"Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg","first-page":"216","article-title":"What is the real incidence of vestibular schwannoma?","volume":"130","author":"Tos","year":"2004"},{"key":"b26-0330013","series-title":"Can Assoc Radiol J","first-page":"453","article-title":"Cystic intracranial schwannoma","volume":"44","author":"Wallace","year":"1993"},{"key":"b27-0330013","series-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry","first-page":"453","article-title":"Removal of large acoustic neurinomas (vestibular schwannomas) by the retrosigmoid approach with no mortality and minimal morbidity","volume":"75","author":"Yamakami","year":"2004"}],"container-title":["Neurosurgical Focus"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/view\/journals\/neurosurg-focus\/33\/3\/article-pE13.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/neurosurg-focus\/33\/3\/article-pE13.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/neurosurg-focus\/33\/3\/article-pE13.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,30]],"date-time":"2026-05-30T08:46:00Z","timestamp":1780130760000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/view\/journals\/neurosurg-focus\/33\/3\/article-pE13.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,9]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/2012.7.focus12206","relation":{},"ISSN":["1092-0684"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1092-0684","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,9]]}}}