{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T02:33:28Z","timestamp":1788230008589,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JNS"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Object<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The course of the trigeminal nerve straddles multiple fossae and is known to be very complex. Comprehensive anatomical knowledge and skull base techniques are required for surgical management of trigeminal schwannomas. The aims of this study were to become familiar with the endoscopic anatomy of the trigeminal nerve and to develop a minimally invasive surgical strategy for the treatment of trigeminal schwannomas.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Ten fresh cadavers were studied using 5 endoscopic approaches with the aid of 4-mm 0\u00b0 and 30\u00b0 endoscopes to identify surgical landmarks associated with the trigeminal nerve. The endoscopic approaches included 3 transcranial keyhole approaches (the extradural supraorbital, extradural subtemporal, and retrosigmoid approaches), and 2 endonasal approaches (the transpterygoid and the transmaxillary transpterygoid approaches).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The trajectories of the extradural supraorbital, transpterygoid, and extradural subtemporal approaches corresponded with the course of the first, second, and third divisions of the trigeminal nerve, respectively. The 3 approaches demonstrated each division in intra- and extracranial spaces, as well as the Meckel cave in the middle cranial fossa. The interdural space at the lateral wall of the cavernous sinus was exposed by the extradural supraorbital and subtemporal approaches. The extradural subtemporal approach with anterior petrosectomy and the retrosigmoid approach visualized the trigeminal sensory root and its neighboring neurovascular structures in the posterior cranial fossa. The transmaxillary transpterygoid approach revealed the course of the third division in the infratemporal fossa.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The 5 endoscopic approaches effectively followed the course of the trigeminal nerve with minimal invasiveness. These approaches could provide alternative options for the management of trigeminal schwannoma.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3171\/2012.7.jns11730","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,17]],"date-time":"2012-08-17T13:26:48Z","timestamp":1345210008000},"page":"690-696","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Endoscopic approaches to the trigeminal nerve and clinical consideration for trigeminal schwannomas: a cadaveric study"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"117","author":[{"given":"Fuminari","family":"Komatsu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mika","family":"Komatsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Di Ieva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manfred","family":"Tschabitscher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"issue":"2 Suppl","key":"b1-jns11730","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"379","article-title":"Endoscopic transnasal approach to the cavernous sinus versus transcranial route: anatomic study","volume":"56","author":"Cavallo","year":"2005"},{"issue":"3 Suppl Operative","key":"b2-jns11730","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"ons1","article-title":"Fully endoscopic transnasal approach to the jugular foramen: anatomic study and clinical considerations","volume":"67","author":"Dallan","year":"2010"},{"key":"b3-jns11730","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"233","article-title":"The surgical management of trigeminal neuromas","volume":"42","author":"Day","year":"1998"},{"key":"b4-jns11730","series-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)","first-page":"55","article-title":"Frontotemporal epidural approach to trigeminal neurinomas","volume":"130","author":"Dolenc","year":"1994"},{"key":"b5-jns11730","series-title":"Surg Radiol Anat","first-page":"184","article-title":"The deep belly of the temporalis muscle: an anatomical, histological and MRI study","volume":"27","author":"Geers","year":"2005"},{"key":"b6-jns11730","series-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)","first-page":"99","article-title":"Infratemporal fossa interdural approach for trigeminal neurinomas","volume":"136","author":"Goel","year":"1995"},{"key":"b7-jns11730","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"783","article-title":"Trigeminal neuroma: analysis of surgical experience with 73 cases","volume":"52","author":"Goel","year":"2003"},{"key":"b8-jns11730","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"1079","article-title":"Trigeminal neurinomas with extracranial extension: analysis of 28 surgically treated cases. 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Laboratory investigation","volume":"114","author":"Komatsu","year":"2011"},{"issue":"1 Suppl Operative","key":"b16-jns11730","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"157","article-title":"Endoscopic reconstruction of the middle cranial fossa through a subtemporal keyhole using a pedicled deep temporal fascial flap: a cadaveric study","volume":"70","author":"Komatsu","year":"2012"},{"key":"b17-jns11730","series-title":"Neurosurg Rev","first-page":"435","article-title":"Trigeminal neurinomas: clinical features and surgical experience in 84 patients","volume":"32","author":"Liu","year":"2009"},{"issue":"3 Suppl Operative","key":"b18-jns11730","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"ons291","article-title":"Meckel's cave tumors: relation to the meninges and minimally invasive approaches for surgery: anatomic and clinical studies","volume":"67","author":"Muto","year":"2010"},{"issue":"3 Suppl Operative","key":"b19-jns11730","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"ons29","article-title":"Endoscopic assistance in the epidural subtemporal approach and kawase approach: anatomic study","volume":"67","author":"Pichierri","year":"2010"},{"key":"b20-jns11730","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"711","article-title":"Surgical treatment of trigeminal schwannomas","volume":"82","author":"Samii","year":"1995"},{"key":"b21-jns11730","series-title":"Clin Anat","first-page":"25","article-title":"Medial portion of m. temporalis and its potential involvement in facial pain","volume":"14","author":"Sch\u00f6n Ybarra","year":"2001"},{"key":"b22-jns11730","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"196","article-title":"Endoscopic approach to the infratemporal fossa: anatomic study","volume":"66","author":"Theodosopoulos","year":"2010"},{"key":"b23-jns11730","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"202","article-title":"Trigeminal neurinomas extending into multiple fossae: surgical methods and review of the literature","volume":"91","author":"Yoshida","year":"1999"},{"key":"b24-jns11730","series-title":"Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo)","first-page":"580","article-title":"Surgical strategy for tumors located in or extending from the intracranial space to the infratemporal fossa\u2014advantages of the transcranial approach (zygomatic infratemporal fossa approach) and the indications for a combined transcranial and transcervical approach","volume":"49","author":"Yoshida","year":"2009"},{"key":"b25-jns11730","series-title":"Surg Neurol","first-page":"594","article-title":"Surgical treatment of dumbbell-shaped neurinomas: report of an experience with 57 cases in a single hospital","volume":"68","author":"Zhou","year":"2007"}],"container-title":["Journal of Neurosurgery"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/view\/journals\/j-neurosurg\/117\/4\/article-p690.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/j-neurosurg\/117\/4\/article-p690.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/j-neurosurg\/117\/4\/article-p690.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,26]],"date-time":"2023-03-26T23:35:52Z","timestamp":1679873752000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/view\/journals\/j-neurosurg\/117\/4\/article-p690.xml"}},"subtitle":["Laboratory investigation"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,10]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/2012.7.jns11730","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-3085","1933-0693"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-3085","type":"print"},{"value":"1933-0693","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,10]]}}}