{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T09:18:01Z","timestamp":1792055881565,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JNS"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Object<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Concussive head injuries have received much attention in the medical and public arenas, as concerns have been raised about the potential short- and long-term consequences of injuries sustained in sports and other activities. While many student athletes have required evaluation after concussion, the exact definition of concussion has varied among disciplines and over time. The authors used data gathered as part of a multiinstitutional longitudinal study of the biomechanics of head impacts in helmeted collegiate athletes to characterize what signs, symptoms, and clinical histories were used to designate players as having sustained concussions.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Players on 3 college football teams and 4 ice hockey teams (male and female) wore helmets instrumented with Head Impact Telemetry (HIT) technology during practices and games over 2\u20134 seasons of play. Preseason clinical screening batteries assessed baseline cognition and reported symptoms. If a concussion was diagnosed by the team medical staff, basic descriptive information was collected at presentation, and concussed players were reevaluated serially. The specific symptoms or findings associated with the diagnosis of acute concussion, relation to specific impact events, timing of symptom onset and diagnosis, and recorded biomechanical parameters were analyzed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Data were collected from 450 athletes with 486,594 recorded head impacts. Forty-eight separate concussions were diagnosed in 44 individual players. Mental clouding, headache, and dizziness were the most common presenting symptoms. Thirty-one diagnosed cases were associated with an identified impact event; in 17 cases no specific impact event was identified. Onset of symptoms was immediate in 24 players, delayed in 11, and unspecified in 13. In 8 cases the diagnosis was made immediately after a head impact, but in most cases the diagnosis was delayed (median 17 hours). One diagnosed concussion involved a 30-second loss of consciousness; all other players retained alertness. Most diagnoses were based on self-reported symptoms. The mean peak angular and rotational acceleration values for those cases associated with a specific identified impact were 86.1 \u00b1 42.6<jats:italic>g<\/jats:italic> (range 16.5\u2013177.9<jats:italic>g<\/jats:italic>) and 3620 \u00b1 2166 rad\/sec<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> (range 183\u20137589 rad\/sec<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>), respectively.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Approximately two-thirds of diagnosed concussions were associated with a specific contact event. Half of all players diagnosed with concussions had delayed or unclear timing of onset of symptoms. Most had no externally observed findings. Diagnosis was usually based on a range of self-reported symptoms after a variable delay. Accelerations clustered in the higher percentiles for all impact events, but encompassed a wide range. These data highlight the heterogeneity of criteria for concussion diagnosis, and in this sports context, its heavy reliance on self-reported symptoms. More specific and standardized definitions of clinical and objective correlates of a \u201cconcussion spectrum\u201d may be needed in future research efforts, as well as in the clinical diagnostic arena.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3171\/2012.8.jns112298","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,10,2]],"date-time":"2012-10-02T14:00:23Z","timestamp":1349186423000},"page":"1092-1099","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":115,"title":["Spectrum of acute clinical characteristics of diagnosed concussions in college athletes wearing instrumented helmets"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"117","author":[{"given":"Ann-Christine","family":"Duhaime","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan G.","family":"Beckwith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Simbex, Lebanon;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arthur C.","family":"Maerlender","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Neuropsychological Services and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas W.","family":"McAllister","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph J.","family":"Crisco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bioengineering Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University and Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefan M.","family":"Duma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virginia Tech\u2013Wake Forest Center for Injury Biomechanics; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P. Gunnar","family":"Brolinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Edward Via Virginia College of Osteopathic Medicine, Blacksburg, Virginia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven","family":"Rowson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virginia Tech\u2013Wake Forest Center for Injury Biomechanics; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura A.","family":"Flashman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey J.","family":"Chu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Simbex, Lebanon;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard M.","family":"Greenwald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Simbex, Lebanon;"},{"name":"Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"key":"b1-jns112298","series-title":"Br J Sports Med","first-page":"562","article-title":"Defining asymptomatic status following sports concussion: fact or fallacy?","volume":"46","author":"Alla","year":"2012"},{"key":"b2-jns112298","series-title":"Br J Sports Med","first-page":"6","article-title":"Summary and agreement statement of the First International Conference on Concussion in Sport, Vienna 2001. 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