{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T00:55:46Z","timestamp":1782348946373,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JNS"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Object<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Helmets successfully prevent most cranial fractures and skull traumas, but traumatic brain injury (TBI) and concussions continue to occur with frightening frequency despite the widespread use of helmets on the athletic field and battlefield. Protection against such injury is needed. The object of this study was to determine if slosh mitigation reduces neural degeneration, gliosis, and neuroinflammation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Two groups of 10 adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to impact-acceleration TBI. One group of animals was fitted with a collar inducing internal jugular vein (IJV) compression prior to injury, whereas the second group received no such collar prior to injury. All rats were killed 7 days postinjury, and the brains were fixed and embedded in paraffin. Tissue sections were processed and stained for markers of neural degeneration (Fluoro-Jade B), gliosis (glial fibrillary acidic protein), and neuroinflammation (ionized calcium binding adapter molecule 1).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Compared with the controls, animals that had undergone IJV compression had a 48.7%\u201359.1% reduction in degenerative neurons, a 36.8%\u201345.7% decrease in reactive astrocytes, and a 44.1%\u201365.3% reduction in microglial activation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The authors concluded that IJV compression, a form of slosh mitigation, markedly reduces markers of neurological injury in a common model of TBI. Based on findings in this and other studies, slosh mitigation may have potential for preventing TBI in the clinical population.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3171\/2012.8.jns12358","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,21]],"date-time":"2012-09-21T14:00:46Z","timestamp":1348236046000},"page":"1110-1118","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":55,"title":["Effect of slosh mitigation on histologic markers of traumatic brain injury"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"117","author":[{"given":"Ryan C.","family":"Turner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zachary J.","family":"Naser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julian E.","family":"Bailes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, Illinois; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David W.","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph A.","family":"Fisher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, University of Toronto, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles L.","family":"Rosen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"key":"b1-jns12358","series-title":"Exp Neurol","first-page":"125","article-title":"Regional distribution of fluoro-jade B staining in the hippocampus following traumatic brain injury","volume":"193","author":"Anderson","year":"2005"},{"key":"b2-jns12358","series-title":"Nature","first-page":"232","article-title":"Glial and neuronal control of brain blood flow","volume":"468","author":"Attwell","year":"2010"},{"key":"b3-jns12358","series-title":"J Neurotrauma","first-page":"1617","article-title":"Docosahexaenoic acid reduces traumatic axonal injury in a rodent head injury model","volume":"27","author":"Bailes","year":"2010"},{"key":"b4-jns12358","series-title":"Exp Neurol","first-page":"72","article-title":"Progesterone treatment normalizes the levels of cell proliferation and cell death in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus after traumatic brain injury","volume":"231","author":"Barha","year":"2011"},{"key":"b5-jns12358","series-title":"Glial Cells in the Central Nervous System","author":"Bignami","year":"1991"},{"issue":"Suppl 10","key":"b6-jns12358","series-title":"Epilepsia","first-page":"2","article-title":"The epidemiology of traumatic brain injury: a review","volume":"44","author":"Bruns","year":"2003"},{"key":"b7-jns12358","series-title":"J Neurosci","first-page":"8182","article-title":"Cellular and molecular mechanisms of glial scarring and progressive cavitation: in vivo and in vitro analysis of inflammation-induced secondary injury after CNS trauma","volume":"19","author":"Fitch","year":"1999"},{"key":"b8-jns12358","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"301","article-title":"A new model of diffuse brain injury in rats. 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