{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T00:19:21Z","timestamp":1789172361091,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JNS"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Object<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p><jats:italic>Haptoglobin<\/jats:italic> allele heterogeneity has been implicated in differential reactive oxidant inhibition and inflammation. Haptoglobin \u03b12-\u03b12 has a lower affinity for binding hemoglobin, and when bound to hemoglobin, is cleared less easily by the body. The authors hypothesized that <jats:italic>haptoglobin \u03b12-\u03b12<\/jats:italic> genotype should be less protective for downstream injury after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) and should portend a worse outcome.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Patients with Fisher Grade 2 or higher aSAH were enrolled in the study. Genotyping for <jats:italic>haptoglobin<\/jats:italic> genotype was performed from blood and\/or CSF. Demographic information, medical condition variables, and hospital course were abstracted from the medical record upon enrollment into the study. Outcome data (modified Rankin Scale score, Glasgow Outcome Scale score, and mortality) were collected at 3 months posthemorrhage.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The authors enrolled 193 patients who ranged in age from 18 to 75 years. Only Caucasians were used in this analysis to minimize bias from variable <jats:italic>haptoglobin<\/jats:italic> allele frequencies in populations of different ancestral backgrounds. The sample had more women than men (overall mean age 54.45 years). <jats:italic>Haptoglobin \u03b12<\/jats:italic> homozygotes were older than the other individuals in the study sample (57.27 vs 53.2 years, respectively; p = 0.02) and were more likely to have Fisher Grade 3 SAH (p = 0.02). <jats:italic>Haptoglobin \u03b12-\u03b12<\/jats:italic> genotype, along with Fisher grade and Hunt and Hess grade, was associated with a worse 3-month outcome compared to those with the <jats:italic>haptoglobin \u03b11-\u03b11<\/jats:italic> genotype according to modified Rankin Scale score after controlling for covariates (OR 4.138, p = 0.0463).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Patients with aSAH who carry the <jats:italic>haptoglobin \u03b12-\u03b12<\/jats:italic> genotype had a worse outcome. Interestingly, the presence of a single <jats:italic>\u03b1-2<\/jats:italic> allele was associated with worse outcome, suggesting that the haptoglobin \u03b1-2 protein may play a role in the pathology of brain injury following aSAH, although the mechanism for this finding requires further research. The <jats:italic>haptoglobin<\/jats:italic> genotype may provide additional information on individual risk of secondary injury and recovery to guide care focused on improving outcomes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3171\/2013.10.jns13219","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,29]],"date-time":"2013-11-29T08:34:52Z","timestamp":1385714092000},"page":"386-390","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["Haptoglobin genotype and functional outcome after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"120","author":[{"given":"Ellen","family":"Kantor","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Acute and Tertiary Care, School of Nursing;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H\u00fclya","family":"Bay\u0131r","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Critical Care Medicine;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dianxu","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health and Community Systems, School of Nursing, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. 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