{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T13:19:44Z","timestamp":1791897584166,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["FOC"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,2]]},"abstract":"\n Object<\/jats:title>\n The intraoperative clear delineation between brain tumor and normal tissue in real time is required to ensure near-complete resection without damaging the nearby eloquent brain. Tumor Paint BLZ-100, a tumor ligand chlorotoxin (CTX) conjugated to indocyanine green (ICG), has shown potential to be a targeted contrast agent. There are many infrared imaging systems in use, but they are not optimized to the low concentration and amount of ICG. The authors present a novel proof-of-concept near-infrared (NIR) imaging system using a standard charge-coupled device (CCD) camera for visualizing low levels of ICG attached to the tumors. This system is small, inexpensive, and sensitive. The imaging system uses a narrow-band laser at 785 nm and a notch filter in front of the sensor at the band. The camera is a 2-CCD camera, which uses identical CCDs for both visible and NIR light.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n \n The NIR system is tested with serial dilution of BLZ-100 from 1 \u03bcM to 50 pM in 5% Intralipid solution while the excitation energy is varied from 5 to 40 mW\/cm\n 2<\/jats:sup>\n . The analog gain of the CCD was changed from 0, 6, and 12 dB to determine the signal-to-noise ratio. In addition to the Intralipid solution, BLZ-100 was injected 48 hours before euthanizing the mice that were implanted with the human glioma cell line. The brain was removed and imaged using the NIR imaging system.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n The authors' results show that the NIR imaging system using a standard CCD is able to visualize the ICG down to 50 nM of concentration with a high signal-to-noise ratio. The preliminary experiment on human glioma implanted in mouse brains demonstrated that BLZ-100 has a high affinity for glioma compared with normal brain tissue. Additionally, the results show that NIR excitation is able to penetrate deeply and has a potential to visualize metastatic lesions that are separate from the main tumor.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n The authors have seen that BLZ-100 has a very high affinity toward human gliomas. They also describe a small, cost-effective, and sensitive NIR system for visualizing brain tumors tagged using BLZ-100. The authors hope that the use of BLZ-100 along with NIR imaging will be useful to delineate the brain tumors in real time and assist surgeons in near-complete tumor removal to increase survival and reduce neurological deficits.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3171\/2013.11.focus13497","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,1]],"date-time":"2014-02-01T03:36:45Z","timestamp":1391225805000},"page":"E1","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":118,"title":["Near-infrared imaging of brain tumors using the Tumor Paint BLZ-100 to achieve near-complete resection of brain tumors"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"Pramod V.","family":"Butte","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adam","family":"Mamelak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julia","family":"Parrish-Novak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Blaze Bioscience, Inc., Seattle, Washington"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Doniel","family":"Drazin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Faris","family":"Shweikeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pallavi R.","family":"Gangalum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandra","family":"Chesnokova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julia Y.","family":"Ljubimova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keith","family":"Black","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"key":"b1-0360001","series-title":"J Med Chem","first-page":"782","article-title":"Chemical re-engineering of chlorotoxin improves bioconjugation properties for tumor imaging and targeted therapy","volume":"54","author":"Akcan","year":"2011"},{"key":"b2-0360001","series-title":"Int J Biomed Imaging","first-page":"940585","article-title":"A review of indocyanine green fluorescent imaging in surgery","volume":"2012","author":"Alander","year":"2012"},{"key":"b3-0360001","series-title":"Clin Neurol Neurosurg","first-page":"517","article-title":"Intraoperative fluorescent imaging of intracranial tumors: a review","volume":"115","author":"Behbahaninia","year":"2013"},{"key":"b4-0360001","series-title":"Semin Oncol","first-page":"172","article-title":"Malignant astrocytomas: surgical aspects","volume":"21","author":"Berger","year":"1994"},{"key":"b5-0360001","series-title":"BJU Int","first-page":"604","article-title":"Near-infrared fluorescence imaging to facilitate super-selective arterial clamping during zero-ischaemia robotic partial nephrectomy","volume":"111","author":"Borofsky","year":"2013"},{"key":"b6-0360001","series-title":"Crit Rev Oncol Hematol","first-page":"139","article-title":"Glioblastoma in adults","volume":"67","author":"Brandes","year":"2008"},{"key":"b7-0360001","series-title":"Oncology of the Nervous System","first-page":"379","article-title":"Prognostic factors for malignant glioma","author":"Byar","year":"1983"},{"key":"b8-0360001","series-title":"Surg Endosc","first-page":"197","article-title":"Near-infrared (NIR) laparoscopy for intraoperative lymphatic road-mapping and sentinel node identification during definitive surgical resection of early-stage colorectal neoplasia","volume":"26","author":"Cahill","year":"2012"},{"key":"b9-0360001","series-title":"Mol Imaging Biol","first-page":"1043","article-title":"Intraoperative multispectral fluorescence imaging for the detection of the sentinel lymph node in cervical cancer: a novel concept","volume":"13","author":"Crane","year":"2011"},{"key":"b10-0360001","series-title":"Bull Cancer","first-page":"17","article-title":"[Advances in adults' gliomas biology, imaging and treatment.]","volume":"97","author":"Ducray","year":"2010"},{"key":"b11-0360001","series-title":"Photodiagn Photodyn Ther","first-page":"260","article-title":"Fluorescence image-guided surgery of brain tumors: explained step-by-step","volume":"5","author":"Eljamel","year":"2008"},{"key":"b12-0360001","series-title":"Lasers Med Sci","first-page":"361","article-title":"ALA and Photofrin fluorescence-guided resection and repetitive PDT in glioblastoma multiforme: a single centre Phase III randomised controlled trial","volume":"23","author":"Eljamel","year":"2008"},{"key":"b13-0360001","series-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys","first-page":"661","article-title":"Treatment of grades I and II brain astrocytomas. The role of radiotherapy","volume":"2","author":"Fazekas","year":"1977"},{"key":"b14-0360001","series-title":"J Control Release","first-page":"356","article-title":"Brain tumor tandem targeting using a combination of monoclonal antibodies attached to biopoly(beta-L-malic acid)","volume":"122","author":"Fujita","year":"2007"},{"key":"b15-0360001","series-title":"J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg","first-page":"S80","article-title":"Developing intrathoracic sentinel lymph node mapping with near-infrared fluorescent imaging in non-small cell lung cancer","volume":"144","author":"Gilmore","year":"2012"},{"key":"b16-0360001","series-title":"J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg","first-page":"562","article-title":"Identification of metastatic nodal disease in a phase 1 dose-escalation trial of intraoperative sentinel lymph node mapping in non-small cell lung cancer using near-infrared imaging","volume":"146","author":"Gilmore","year":"2013"},{"key":"b17-0360001","series-title":"J Surg Oncol","first-page":"75","article-title":"A novel image-guided surgery of hepatocellular carcinoma by indocyanine green fluorescence imaging navigation","volume":"100","author":"Gotoh","year":"2009"},{"key":"b18-0360001","series-title":"Swiss Med Wkly","first-page":"180","article-title":"5-aminolevulinic acid induced protoporphyrin IX fluorescence in high-grade glioma surgery: a one-year experience at a single institution","volume":"138","author":"Hefti","year":"2008"},{"key":"b19-0360001","series-title":"Surg Innov","first-page":"516","article-title":"An experimental study to evaluate the fluobeam 800 imaging system for fluorescence-guided lymphatic imaging and sentinel node biopsy","volume":"20","author":"Hirche","year":"2013"},{"key":"b20-0360001","series-title":"Expert Opin Drug Deliv","first-page":"175","article-title":"Targeted delivery of antitumoral therapy to glioma and other malignancies with synthetic chlorotoxin (TM-601)","volume":"4","author":"Mamelak","year":"2007"},{"key":"b21-0360001","series-title":"World J Surg","first-page":"2800","article-title":"Application of fluorescence in robotic general surgery: review of the literature and state of the art","volume":"37","author":"Marano","year":"2013"},{"key":"b22-0360001","series-title":"Breast Cancer Res Treat","first-page":"679","article-title":"Image-guided tumor resection using real-time near-infrared fluorescence in a syngeneic rat model of primary breast cancer","volume":"128","author":"Mieog","year":"2011"},{"key":"b23-0360001","series-title":"Ann Surg Oncol","first-page":"2483","article-title":"Toward optimization of imaging system and lymphatic tracer for near-infrared fluorescent sentinel lymph node mapping in breast cancer","volume":"18","author":"Mieog","year":"2011"},{"key":"b24-0360001","series-title":"Ann Thorac Cardiovasc Surg","first-page":"89","article-title":"Thoracoscopic segmentectomy with intraoperative evaluation of sentinel nodes for stage I non-small cell lung cancer","volume":"18","author":"Moroga","year":"2012"},{"key":"b25-0360001","series-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg","first-page":"778e","article-title":"Intraoperative perfusion techniques can accurately predict mastectomy skin flap necrosis in breast reconstruction: results of a prospective trial","volume":"129","author":"Phillips","year":"2012"},{"key":"b26-0360001","series-title":"IEEE J Sel Top Quantum Electron","first-page":"493","article-title":"Review of neurosurgical fluorescence imaging methodologies","volume":"16","author":"Pogue","year":"2010"},{"key":"b27-0360001","series-title":"Neuroimaging Clin N Am","first-page":"647","article-title":"Therapeutic advances in malignant glioma: current status and future prospects","volume":"19","author":"Robins","year":"2009"},{"key":"b28-0360001","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"753","article-title":"Glioma extent of resection and its impact on patient outcome","volume":"62","author":"Sanai","year":"2008"},{"key":"b29-0360001","series-title":"Curr Pharm Des","first-page":"4362","article-title":"In vivo bio-imaging using chlorotoxin-based conjugates","volume":"17","author":"Stroud","year":"2011"},{"key":"b30-0360001","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"564","article-title":"Extent of resection and survival in glioblastoma multiforme: identification of and adjustment for bias","volume":"62","author":"Stummer","year":"2008"},{"key":"b31-0360001","series-title":"J Biomed Opt","first-page":"064012","article-title":"Real-time intraoperative fluorescence imaging system using light-absorption correction","volume":"14","author":"Themelis","year":"2009"},{"key":"b32-0360001","series-title":"Nat Rev Clin Oncol","first-page":"507","article-title":"Image-guided cancer surgery using near-infrared fluorescence","volume":"10","author":"Vahrmeijer","year":"2013"},{"key":"b33-0360001","series-title":"Eur Urol","first-page":"826","article-title":"Intraoperative laparoscopic fluorescence guidance to the sentinel lymph node in prostate cancer patients: clinical proof of concept of an integrated functional imaging approach using a multimodal tracer","volume":"60","author":"van der Poel","year":"2011"},{"key":"b34-0360001","series-title":"J Surg Res","first-page":"266","article-title":"Near-infrared fluorescence imaging of liver metastases in rats using indocyanine green","volume":"174","author":"van der Vorst","year":"2012"},{"key":"b35-0360001","series-title":"Head Neck","article-title":"Intraoperative near-infrared fluorescence imaging of parathyroid adenomas with use of low-dose methylene blue","author":"van der Vorst","year":"2013"},{"key":"b36-0360001","series-title":"World J Gastrointest Surg","first-page":"180","article-title":"Near-infrared fluorescence imaging of a solitary fibrous tumor of the pancreas using methylene blue","volume":"4","author":"van der Vorst","year":"2012"},{"key":"b37-0360001","series-title":"Cancer Res","first-page":"6882","article-title":"Tumor paint: a chlorotoxin:Cy5.5 bioconjugate for intraoperative visualization of cancer foci","volume":"67","author":"Veiseh","year":"2007"},{"key":"b38-0360001","series-title":"J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg","first-page":"141","article-title":"Video-assisted thoracoscopic indocyanine green fluorescence imaging system shows sentinel lymph nodes in non-small-cell lung cancer","volume":"141","author":"Yamashita","year":"2011"},{"key":"b39-0360001","series-title":"Ann Surg Oncol","first-page":"2042","article-title":"Feasibility of ICG fluorescence-guided sentinel node biopsy in animal models using the HyperEye Medical System","volume":"18","author":"Yamauchi","year":"2011"},{"key":"b1-0360001","series-title":"J Med Chem","first-page":"782","article-title":"Chemical re-engineering of chlorotoxin improves bioconjugation properties for tumor imaging and targeted therapy","volume":"54","author":"Akcan","year":"2011"},{"key":"b2-0360001","series-title":"Int J Biomed Imaging","first-page":"940585","article-title":"A review of indocyanine green fluorescent imaging in surgery","volume":"2012","author":"Alander","year":"2012"},{"key":"b3-0360001","series-title":"Clin Neurol Neurosurg","first-page":"517","article-title":"Intraoperative fluorescent imaging of intracranial tumors: a review","volume":"115","author":"Behbahaninia","year":"2013"},{"key":"b4-0360001","series-title":"Semin Oncol","first-page":"172","article-title":"Malignant astrocytomas: surgical aspects","volume":"21","author":"Berger","year":"1994"},{"key":"b5-0360001","series-title":"BJU Int","first-page":"604","article-title":"Near-infrared fluorescence imaging to facilitate super-selective arterial clamping during zero-ischaemia robotic partial nephrectomy","volume":"111","author":"Borofsky","year":"2013"},{"key":"b6-0360001","series-title":"Crit Rev Oncol Hematol","first-page":"139","article-title":"Glioblastoma in adults","volume":"67","author":"Brandes","year":"2008"},{"key":"b7-0360001","series-title":"Oncology of the Nervous System","first-page":"379","article-title":"Prognostic factors for malignant glioma","author":"Byar","year":"1983"},{"key":"b8-0360001","series-title":"Surg Endosc","first-page":"197","article-title":"Near-infrared (NIR) laparoscopy for intraoperative lymphatic road-mapping and sentinel node identification during definitive surgical resection of early-stage colorectal neoplasia","volume":"26","author":"Cahill","year":"2012"},{"key":"b9-0360001","series-title":"Mol Imaging Biol","first-page":"1043","article-title":"Intraoperative multispectral fluorescence imaging for the detection of the sentinel lymph node in cervical cancer: a novel concept","volume":"13","author":"Crane","year":"2011"},{"key":"b10-0360001","series-title":"Bull Cancer","first-page":"17","article-title":"[Advances in adults' gliomas biology, imaging and treatment.]","volume":"97","author":"Ducray","year":"2010"},{"key":"b11-0360001","series-title":"Photodiagn Photodyn Ther","first-page":"260","article-title":"Fluorescence image-guided surgery of brain tumors: explained step-by-step","volume":"5","author":"Eljamel","year":"2008"},{"key":"b12-0360001","series-title":"Lasers Med Sci","first-page":"361","article-title":"ALA and Photofrin fluorescence-guided resection and repetitive PDT in glioblastoma multiforme: a single centre Phase III randomised controlled trial","volume":"23","author":"Eljamel","year":"2008"},{"key":"b13-0360001","series-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys","first-page":"661","article-title":"Treatment of grades I and II brain astrocytomas. The role of radiotherapy","volume":"2","author":"Fazekas","year":"1977"},{"key":"b14-0360001","series-title":"J Control Release","first-page":"356","article-title":"Brain tumor tandem targeting using a combination of monoclonal antibodies attached to biopoly(beta-L-malic acid)","volume":"122","author":"Fujita","year":"2007"},{"key":"b15-0360001","series-title":"J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg","first-page":"S80","article-title":"Developing intrathoracic sentinel lymph node mapping with near-infrared fluorescent imaging in non-small cell lung cancer","volume":"144","author":"Gilmore","year":"2012"},{"key":"b16-0360001","series-title":"J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg","first-page":"562","article-title":"Identification of metastatic nodal disease in a phase 1 dose-escalation trial of intraoperative sentinel lymph node mapping in non-small cell lung cancer using near-infrared imaging","volume":"146","author":"Gilmore","year":"2013"},{"key":"b17-0360001","series-title":"J Surg Oncol","first-page":"75","article-title":"A novel image-guided surgery of hepatocellular carcinoma by indocyanine green fluorescence imaging navigation","volume":"100","author":"Gotoh","year":"2009"},{"key":"b18-0360001","series-title":"Swiss Med Wkly","first-page":"180","article-title":"5-aminolevulinic acid induced protoporphyrin IX fluorescence in high-grade glioma surgery: a one-year experience at a single institution","volume":"138","author":"Hefti","year":"2008"},{"key":"b19-0360001","series-title":"Surg Innov","first-page":"516","article-title":"An experimental study to evaluate the fluobeam 800 imaging system for fluorescence-guided lymphatic imaging and sentinel node biopsy","volume":"20","author":"Hirche","year":"2013"},{"key":"b20-0360001","series-title":"Expert Opin Drug Deliv","first-page":"175","article-title":"Targeted delivery of antitumoral therapy to glioma and other malignancies with synthetic chlorotoxin (TM-601)","volume":"4","author":"Mamelak","year":"2007"},{"key":"b21-0360001","series-title":"World J Surg","first-page":"2800","article-title":"Application of fluorescence in robotic general surgery: review of the literature and state of the art","volume":"37","author":"Marano","year":"2013"},{"key":"b22-0360001","series-title":"Breast Cancer Res Treat","first-page":"679","article-title":"Image-guided tumor resection using real-time near-infrared fluorescence in a syngeneic rat model of primary breast cancer","volume":"128","author":"Mieog","year":"2011"},{"key":"b23-0360001","series-title":"Ann Surg Oncol","first-page":"2483","article-title":"Toward optimization of imaging system and lymphatic tracer for near-infrared fluorescent sentinel lymph node mapping in breast cancer","volume":"18","author":"Mieog","year":"2011"},{"key":"b24-0360001","series-title":"Ann Thorac Cardiovasc Surg","first-page":"89","article-title":"Thoracoscopic segmentectomy with intraoperative evaluation of sentinel nodes for stage I non-small cell lung cancer","volume":"18","author":"Moroga","year":"2012"},{"key":"b25-0360001","series-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg","first-page":"778e","article-title":"Intraoperative perfusion techniques can accurately predict mastectomy skin flap necrosis in breast reconstruction: results of a prospective trial","volume":"129","author":"Phillips","year":"2012"},{"key":"b26-0360001","series-title":"IEEE J Sel Top Quantum Electron","first-page":"493","article-title":"Review of neurosurgical fluorescence imaging methodologies","volume":"16","author":"Pogue","year":"2010"},{"key":"b27-0360001","series-title":"Neuroimaging Clin N Am","first-page":"647","article-title":"Therapeutic advances in malignant glioma: current status and future prospects","volume":"19","author":"Robins","year":"2009"},{"key":"b28-0360001","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"753","article-title":"Glioma extent of resection and its impact on patient outcome","volume":"62","author":"Sanai","year":"2008"},{"key":"b29-0360001","series-title":"Curr Pharm Des","first-page":"4362","article-title":"In vivo bio-imaging using chlorotoxin-based conjugates","volume":"17","author":"Stroud","year":"2011"},{"key":"b30-0360001","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"564","article-title":"Extent of resection and survival in glioblastoma multiforme: identification of and adjustment for bias","volume":"62","author":"Stummer","year":"2008"},{"key":"b31-0360001","series-title":"J Biomed Opt","first-page":"064012","article-title":"Real-time intraoperative fluorescence imaging system using light-absorption correction","volume":"14","author":"Themelis","year":"2009"},{"key":"b32-0360001","series-title":"Nat Rev Clin Oncol","first-page":"507","article-title":"Image-guided cancer surgery using near-infrared fluorescence","volume":"10","author":"Vahrmeijer","year":"2013"},{"key":"b33-0360001","series-title":"Eur Urol","first-page":"826","article-title":"Intraoperative laparoscopic fluorescence guidance to the sentinel lymph node in prostate cancer patients: clinical proof of concept of an integrated functional imaging approach using a multimodal tracer","volume":"60","author":"van der Poel","year":"2011"},{"key":"b34-0360001","series-title":"J Surg Res","first-page":"266","article-title":"Near-infrared fluorescence imaging of liver metastases in rats using indocyanine green","volume":"174","author":"van der Vorst","year":"2012"},{"key":"b35-0360001","series-title":"Head Neck","article-title":"Intraoperative near-infrared fluorescence imaging of parathyroid adenomas with use of low-dose methylene blue","author":"van der Vorst","year":"2013"},{"key":"b36-0360001","series-title":"World J Gastrointest Surg","first-page":"180","article-title":"Near-infrared fluorescence imaging of a solitary fibrous tumor of the pancreas using methylene blue","volume":"4","author":"van der Vorst","year":"2012"},{"key":"b37-0360001","series-title":"Cancer Res","first-page":"6882","article-title":"Tumor paint: a chlorotoxin:Cy5.5 bioconjugate for intraoperative visualization of cancer foci","volume":"67","author":"Veiseh","year":"2007"},{"key":"b38-0360001","series-title":"J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg","first-page":"141","article-title":"Video-assisted thoracoscopic indocyanine green fluorescence imaging system shows sentinel lymph nodes in non-small-cell lung cancer","volume":"141","author":"Yamashita","year":"2011"},{"key":"b39-0360001","series-title":"Ann Surg Oncol","first-page":"2042","article-title":"Feasibility of ICG fluorescence-guided sentinel node biopsy in animal models using the HyperEye Medical System","volume":"18","author":"Yamauchi","year":"2011"}],"container-title":["Neurosurgical Focus"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/view\/journals\/neurosurg-focus\/36\/2\/article-pE1.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/neurosurg-focus\/36\/2\/article-pE1.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/neurosurg-focus\/36\/2\/article-pE1.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T08:40:15Z","timestamp":1777711215000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/view\/journals\/neurosurg-focus\/36\/2\/article-pE1.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,2]]},"references-count":78,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/2013.11.focus13497","relation":{},"ISSN":["1092-0684"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1092-0684","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,2]]}}}