{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,11]],"date-time":"2026-07-11T13:38:20Z","timestamp":1783777100300,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PED"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Object<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Transsphenoidal encephalocele (TSEC) is a rare developmental anomaly with herniation of neural elements including pituitary gland or optic apparatus, through a defect of sphenoid bone. To prevent obstructive dyspnea, endocrine dysfunction, or visual disturbance, surgical correction is usually performed. However, the optimal operative approach has not been determined yet. The authors present their surgical experiences with transpalatal, transcranial, or combined approach.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The authors retrospectively analyzed surgical results in patients with TSEC. The charts were reviewed for demographic data, clinical presentation, surgical therapy, and clinical outcomes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Seven consecutive patients with TSEC were surgically treated between March 2004 and February 2012. The mean age was 23.9 months (range 2\u201369 months). Four patients with TSEC who had a bone defect within the sphenoid bone were successfully treated using a transpalatal approach. Two patients with an extensive sphenoethmoidal bone defect that was treated either by a transpalatal or transcranial approach experienced several relapses with a prolapse of the encephalocele. One patient with an extensive sphenoethmoidal bone defect was successfully treated by combined transpalatal and transcranial approach without relapse for 3.6 years.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The combined transpalatal and transcranial approach is useful for TSEC with an extensive sphenoethmoidal bone defect to dissect the sac and expose the bone defect circumferentially. If dissection is not sufficient, relapse with a prolapse of the encephalocele can ensue. The transpalatal approach is sufficient for TSEC in which a bone defect is limited within the sphenoid bone.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3171\/2013.2.peds12231","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,15]],"date-time":"2013-03-15T14:42:39Z","timestamp":1363358559000},"page":"505-510","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Surgical treatment of transsphenoidal encephaloceles: transpalatal versus combined transpalatal and transcranial approach"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Hideki","family":"Ogiwara","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nobuhito","family":"Morota","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"key":"b1-peds12231","series-title":"Neurosurgery","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1227\/00006123-198805000-00024","article-title":"Intrasphenoidal encephalocele: report of a case","volume":"22","author":"Abiko","year":"1988"},{"key":"b2-peds12231","series-title":"J Craniofac Surg","first-page":"192","article-title":"Cephaloceles: classification, pathology, and management\u2014 a review","volume":"4","author":"David","year":"1993"},{"key":"b3-peds12231","series-title":"Childs Nerv Syst","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-002-0578-z","article-title":"Transsphenoidal meningoencephalocele","volume":"18","author":"Formica","year":"2002"},{"key":"b4-peds12231","series-title":"Am J Ophthalmol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9394(75)90885-5","article-title":"Cryptophthalmos syndrome with basal encephaloceles","volume":"80","author":"Goldhammer","year":"1975"},{"key":"b5-peds12231","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1997.87.5.0677","article-title":"Transpalatal approach for the extracranial surgical repair of transsphenoidal cephaloceles in children","volume":"87","author":"Kennedy","year":"1997"},{"key":"b6-peds12231","series-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0b013e3181dbbf6c","article-title":"Successful staged correction of transsphenoidal encephaloceles","volume":"126","author":"Kohan","year":"2010"},{"key":"b7-peds12231","series-title":"Australas Radiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1673.2000.00788.x","article-title":"Trans-sphenoidal and sphenoethmoidal encephalocele: report of two cases and review of the literature","volume":"44","author":"Koral","year":"2000"},{"key":"b8-peds12231","series-title":"Childs Nerv Syst","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00570255","article-title":"Neurosurgical management of Walker-Warburg syndrome","volume":"11","author":"Mart\u00ednez-Lage","year":"1995"},{"key":"b9-peds12231","series-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol","first-page":"655","article-title":"Cephaloceles and related malformations","volume":"13","author":"Naidich","year":"1992"},{"key":"b10-peds12231","series-title":"Pediatric Neurosurgery: Surgery of the Developing Nervous System","first-page":"201","article-title":"Malformations of the cerebral hemispheres","author":"Partington","year":"2000"},{"key":"b11-peds12231","series-title":"Childs Nerv Syst","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1007\/s003810050452","article-title":"Congenital malformations of the brain\u2014a neurosurgical perspective at the close of the twentieth century","volume":"15","author":"Peter","year":"1999"},{"key":"b12-peds12231","series-title":"Surg Neurol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1016\/0090-3019(83)90030-7","article-title":"Transsphenoidal encephaloceles","volume":"20","author":"Smith","year":"1983"},{"key":"b13-peds12231","series-title":"Neurosurgery","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1140","DOI":"10.1227\/01.NEU.0000351780.23357.F5","article-title":"Surgical management of congenital median perisellar transsphenoidal encephaloceles with an extracranial approach: a series of 6 cases","volume":"65","author":"Spacca","year":"2009"},{"key":"b14-peds12231","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1972.36.2.0201","article-title":"A morphological classification of sincipital encephalomeningoceles","volume":"36","author":"Suwanwela","year":"1972"},{"key":"b15-peds12231","series-title":"Neurosurgery","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1227\/00006123-198609000-00025","article-title":"Anterior basal encephalocele of the neonatal and infantile period","volume":"19","author":"Yokota","year":"1986"}],"container-title":["Journal of Neurosurgery: 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