{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T08:40:48Z","timestamp":1792485648837,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PED"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Object<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Ependymoma is the third most common primary brain tumor in children. Tumors are classified according to the WHO pathological grading system. Prior studies have shown high levels of variability in patient outcomes within and across pathological grades. The authors reviewed the results from the published literature on intracranial ependymomas in children to describe clinical outcomes as they relate to treatment modality, associated mortality, and associated progression-free survival (PFS).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A search of English language peer-reviewed articles describing patients 18 years of age or younger with intracranial ependymomas yielded data on 182 patients. These patients had undergone treatment for ependymoma with 1 of 5 modalities: 1) gross-total resection (GTR), 2) GTR as well as external beam radiation therapy (EBRT), 3) subtotal resection (STR), 4) STR as well as EBRT, or 5) radiosurgery. Mortality and outcome data were analyzed for time to tumor progression in patients treated with 1 of these 5 treatment modalities.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Of these 182 patients, 69% had supratentorial ependymomas and 31% presented with infratentorial lesions. Regardless of tumor location or pathological grade, STR was associated with the highest rates of mortality. In contrast, GTR was associated with the lowest rates of mortality, the best overall survival, and the longest PFS. Children with WHO Grade II ependymomas had lower mortality rates when treated more aggressively with GTR. However, patients with WHO Grade III tumors had slightly better survival outcomes after a less aggressive surgical debulking (STR+EBRT) when compared with GTR.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Mortality, PFS, and overall survival vary in pediatric patients with intracranial ependymomas. Pathological classification, tumor location, and method of treatment play a role in outcomes. In this study, GTR was associated with the best overall and PFS rates. Patients with WHO Grade II tumors had better overall survival after GTR+EBRT and better PFS after GTR alone. Patients with WHO Grade III tumors had better overall survival after STR+EBRT. Patients with infratentorial tumors had improved overall survival compared with those with supratentorial tumors. Progression-free survival was best in those patients with infratentorial tumors following STR+EBRT. Consideration of all of these factors is important when counseling families on treatment options.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3171\/2013.2.peds12345","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,29]],"date-time":"2013-03-29T10:00:19Z","timestamp":1364551219000},"page":"673-681","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":94,"title":["A systematic review of treatment outcomes in pediatric patients with intracranial ependymomas"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Tene A.","family":"Cage","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurological Surgery and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aaron J.","family":"Clark","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurological Surgery and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Derick","family":"Aranda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurological Surgery and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nalin","family":"Gupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurological Surgery and"},{"name":"Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter P.","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew T.","family":"Parsa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurological Surgery and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kurtis I.","family":"Auguste","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurological Surgery and"},{"name":"Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco; and"},{"name":"Children's Hospital and Research Center of Oakland, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"key":"b1-peds12345","series-title":"Clin Neurol Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clineuro.2009.06.010","article-title":"Functional motor recovery of an infant after a huge ependymoma resection","volume":"111","author":"Abe","year":"2009"},{"key":"b2-peds12345","series-title":"Clin Neurol Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clineuro.2007.09.018","article-title":"Giant cell ependymoma: a case report","volume":"110","author":"Adamek","year":"2008"},{"key":"b3-peds12345","series-title":"Radiother Oncol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-8140(97)01926-9","article-title":"Efficacy and feasibility of stereotactic radiosurgery in the primary management of unfavorable pediatric ependymoma","volume":"43","author":"Aggarwal","year":"1997"},{"key":"b4-peds12345","series-title":"Arq Neuropsiquiatr","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1590\/S0004-282X2009000400010","article-title":"Intracranial and spinal ependymoma: series at Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo","volume":"67","author":"Andrade","year":"2009"},{"key":"b5-peds12345","series-title":"Pediatr Neurol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/0887-8994(96)00020-3","article-title":"Deferring adjuvant therapy for totally resected intracranial ependymoma","volume":"14","author":"Awaad","year":"1996"},{"key":"b6-peds12345","series-title":"Ann Neurol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410040406","article-title":"Fatal long-term sequela following radiation \u201ccure\u201d for ependymoma","volume":"4","author":"Bachman","year":"1978"},{"key":"b7-peds12345","series-title":"Cancer Radiother","first-page":"75","article-title":"[Primitive intracranial ependymomas. 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