{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T22:38:16Z","timestamp":1792276696724,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PED"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Object<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>In this paper the authors' goal was to investigate the clinical usefulness of Gd-enhanced MR ventriculography (MRV) in pediatric patients affected by multiloculated hydrocephalus.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Eighteen patients (11 boys and 7 girls, age range 2\u201314 months) with a diagnosis of multiloculated hydrocephalus were included in the study. After injection of gadodiamide (0.02\u20130.04 mmol) into the lateral ventricle by tapping the anterior fontanel, sagittal, coronal, and axial T1-weighted MR images were acquired. The location of the septations and the sites of obstruction of CSF flow were assessed. Postoperative MRV was obtained to confirm the results of endoscopic treatment in most complex cases.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>No adverse events were observed after injection of contrast medium into the ventricular system. Preoperative MRV accurately defined the exact morphology of septae and ventricular walls in all cases. In 1 case the diagnosis of multiloculated hydrocephalus was ruled out. Sites of obstruction of CSF flow within the ventricular system were also well established. In 4 cases the multiple compartments were proven to intercommunicate. Postoperative MRV was useful in assessing the functional status of third ventriculostomy, aqueductoplasty, and other endoscopic fenestrations.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Magnetic resonance ventriculography is a safe, effective, and reliable technique. The accurate definition of the anatomy of the ventricles and the site of obstruction in multiloculated hydrocephalus can help to plan the most appropriate treatment and minimize the number of procedures. Although MRV is also useful during postoperative follow-up to determine the results of endoscopic treatment, it should be limited to particularly complex cases, due to its invasiveness.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3171\/2013.2.peds12456","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,29]],"date-time":"2013-03-29T14:00:19Z","timestamp":1364565619000},"page":"697-703","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Role of magnetic resonance ventriculography in multiloculated hydrocephalus"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Gurpreet S.","family":"Gandhoke","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India;"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paolo","family":"Frassanito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Catholic University Medical School, Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nagesh","family":"Chandra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bal K.","family":"Ojha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anoop","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"key":"b1-peds12456","series-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A0746","article-title":"Gadolinium-enhanced MR cisternography to evaluate dural leaks in intracranial hypotension syndrome","volume":"29","author":"Albayram","year":"2008"},{"key":"b2-peds12456","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"1291","article-title":"Value of constructive interference in steady-state three-dimensional, Fourier transformation magnetic resonance imaging for the neuroendoscopic treatment of hydrocephalus and intracranial cysts","volume":"48","author":"Aleman","year":"2001"},{"key":"b3-peds12456","series-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A2899","article-title":"Intrathecal gadolinium-enhanced MR cisternography: a comprehensive review","volume":"34","author":"Algin","year":"2013"},{"key":"b4-peds12456","series-title":"Childs Nerv Syst","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-012-1702-3","article-title":"Multiloculated hydrocephalus: a review of current problems in classification and treatment","volume":"28","author":"Andresen","year":"2012"},{"key":"b5-peds12456","series-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1898","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A1726","article-title":"Is all \u201ccommunicating\u201d hydrocephalus really communicating? Prospective study on the value of 3D-constructive interference in steady state sequence at 3T","volume":"30","author":"Din\u00e7er","year":"2009"},{"key":"b6-peds12456","series-title":"Childs Nerv Syst","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1543","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-011-1559-x","article-title":"Radiologic evaluation of pediatric hydrocephalus","volume":"27","author":"Din\u00e7er","year":"2011"},{"key":"b7-peds12456","series-title":"Invest Radiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1097\/00004424-199902000-00009","article-title":"Evaluation of gadopentetate dimeglumine magnetic resonance cisternography in an animal model: preliminary report","volume":"34","author":"Jinkins","year":"1999"},{"key":"b8-peds12456","series-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol","first-page":"373","article-title":"MR ventriculography for the study of CSF flow","volume":"24","author":"Joseph","year":"2003"},{"key":"b9-peds12456","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1995.82.5.0780","article-title":"Endoscopic treatment of loculated hydrocephalus","volume":"82","author":"Lewis","year":"1995"},{"key":"b10-peds12456","series-title":"Neurosurgery","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1078","DOI":"10.1227\/01.NEU.0000360133.29217.44","article-title":"Primary obstruction of the fourth ventricle outlets: neuroendoscopic approach and anatomic description","volume":"65","author":"Longatti","year":"2009"},{"key":"b11-peds12456","series-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol","first-page":"889","article-title":"Cisternography and ventriculography gadopentate dimeglumine-enhanced MR imaging in pediatric patients: preliminary report","volume":"28","author":"Mu\u00f1oz","year":"2007"},{"key":"b12-peds12456","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1993.78.1.0070","article-title":"Multiloculated hydrocephalus: craniotomy and fenestration of intraventricular septations","volume":"78","author":"Nida","year":"1993"},{"key":"b13-peds12456","series-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol","first-page":"365","article-title":"Neurotoxic effects of gadopentetate dimeglumine: behavioral disturbance and morphology after intracerebroventricular injection in rats","volume":"17","author":"Ray","year":"1996"},{"key":"b14-peds12456","series-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol","first-page":"1455","article-title":"Neurotoxic potential of gadodiamide after injection into the lateral cerebral ventricle of rats","volume":"19","author":"Ray","year":"1998"},{"key":"b15-peds12456","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1987.67.4.0595","article-title":"Congenital fourth ventricular midline outlet obstruction. 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