{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T17:44:46Z","timestamp":1793295886501,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JNS"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,8]]},"abstract":"\nObject<\/jats:title>\nErethism describes severe cases of unprovoked aggressive behavior, usually associated with some degree of mental impairment and gross brain damage. The etiology can be epileptic, postencephalitic, or posttraumatic, or the condition can be caused by brain malformations or perinatal insults. Erethism is often refractory to medication, and patients must often be interned in institutions, where they are managed with major restraining measures. The hypothalamus is a crucial group of nuclei that coordinate behavioral and autonomic responses and play a central role in the control of aggressive behavior. Deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the posteromedial hypothalamus (PMH) has been proposed as a treatment for resistant erethism, although experience with this treatment around the world is scarce. The objective of this study was to examine the long-term outcome of PMH DBS in 6 patients with severe erethism treated at the authors' institution.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>\n\nMethods<\/jats:title>\nMedical records of 6 patients treated with PMH DBS for intractable aggressiveness were reviewed. The therapeutic effect on behavior was assessed by the Inventory for Client and Agency Planning preoperatively and at the last follow-up visit.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>\n\nResults<\/jats:title>\nTwo patients died during the follow-up period due to causes unrelated to the neurosurgical treatment. Five of 6 patients experienced a significant reduction in aggressiveness (the mean Inventory for Client and Agency Planning general aggressiveness score was \u221247 at baseline and \u221225 at the last follow-up; mean follow-up 3.5 years). Similar responses were obtained with low- and high-frequency stimulation. In 4 cases, the patients' sleep patterns became more regular, and in 1 case, binge eating and polydipsia ceased. One of the 3 patients who had epilepsy noticed a 30% reduction in seizure frequency. Another patient experienced a marked sympathetic response with high-frequency stimulation during the first stimulation trial, but this subsided when stimulation was set at low frequency. A worsening of a previous headache was noted by 1 patient. There were no other side effects.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>\n\nConclusions<\/jats:title>\nIn this case series, 5 of 6 patients with pathological aggressiveness had a reduction of their outbursts of violence after PMH DBS, without significant adverse effects. Prospective controlled studies with a larger number of patients are needed to confirm these results.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3171\/2013.4.jns121639","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,7]],"date-time":"2013-06-07T13:58:02Z","timestamp":1370613482000},"page":"277-287","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":64,"title":["Long-term results of posteromedial hypothalamic deep brain stimulation for patients with resistant aggressiveness"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"119","author":[{"given":"Cristina V.","family":"Torres","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurosurgery,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rafael G.","family":"Sola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurosurgery,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jes\u00fas","family":"Pastor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Neurophysiology, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manuel","family":"Pedrosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurosurgery,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Navas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurosurgery,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eduardo","family":"Garc\u00eda-Navarrete","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurosurgery,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Ezquiaga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychiatry, University Hospital La Princesa, UAM, Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eduardo","family":"Garc\u00eda-Camba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychiatry, University Hospital La Princesa, UAM, Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"key":"b1-jns121639","series-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV)","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"1994"},{"key":"b2-jns121639","series-title":"Exp Neurol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2008.01.002","article-title":"Oscillatory activity in the pedunculopontine area of patients with Parkinson's disease","volume":"211","author":"Androulidakis","year":"2008"},{"key":"b3-jns121639","series-title":"Acta Neurochir Suppl (Wien)","first-page":"185","article-title":"Sterotactic hypothalamotomy in erethic children","volume":"21","author":"Arjona","year":"1974"},{"key":"b4-jns121639","series-title":"Hum Brain Mapp","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3901","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.20815","article-title":"Cerebral blood flow changes induced by pedunculopontine nucleus stimulation in patients with advanced Parkinson's disease: a [(15)O] H2O PET study","volume":"30","author":"Ballanger","year":"2009"},{"key":"b5-jns121639","series-title":"Conducta Adaptativa y Discapacidad","article-title":"La observaci\u00f3n y el curr\u00edculum de las destrezas de conducta adaptativa: dos instrumentos de evaluaci\u00f3n y ayuda en la intervenci\u00f3n","author":"Bruininks","year":"1993"},{"key":"b6-jns121639","series-title":"ICAP: Inventory for Client and Agency Planning","author":"Bruininks","year":"1986"},{"key":"b7-jns121639","series-title":"Neurochirurgie","first-page":"209","article-title":"[Mechanisms of action of high-frequency deep brain stimulation. 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