{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T05:24:48Z","timestamp":1769923488120,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["SPI"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Object<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The authors describe the clinical presentation, imaging features, and management of patients presenting with filum terminale arteriovenous fistulas (FTAVFs) and the role of transarterial treatment in their management.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The authors retrospectively reviewed data obtained in 10 patients with FTAVFs diagnosed between January 1990 and December 2011.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Most patients (70%) were male, and the age of the population ranged from 31 to 72 years (mean 58.2 years). Clinical presentation was progressive paraparesis and sensory loss in the lower extremities in 9 cases, back pain in 7, radicular pain in 3, bowel\/bladder disturbance in 5, and impotence in 1. The duration of symptoms varied between 2 and 24 months. Initial MRI studies showed intramedullary increased T2 signal, swollen cord, and dilated perimedullary veins in all patients. One patient had syringomyelia, presumably caused by venous hypertension transmitted by the perimedullary venous system. Embolization was attempted in 7 patients and was curative in 6 patients. Surgery was performed in the other 4 patients in whom embolization was unsuccessful or deemed not feasible. There was no treatment-related complication in either group. Symptoms, venous congestion in the cord, and syringomyelia improved on follow-up in all patients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Embolization should be considered the treatment of choice for FTAVFs and can effectively treat the majority of patients presenting with an FTAVF. In a smaller group of patients in whom the angioarchitecture is unfavorable, open surgery is recommended.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3171\/2013.4.spine12685","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,17]],"date-time":"2013-05-17T14:25:55Z","timestamp":1368800755000},"page":"49-56","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Filum terminale arteriovenous fistulas: the role of endovascular treatment"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Ekachat","family":"Chanthanaphak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Division of Interventional Neuroradiology, Ramathibodi Hospital Medical School, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sirintara","family":"Pongpech","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Division of Interventional Neuroradiology, Ramathibodi Hospital Medical School, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pakorn","family":"Jiarakongmun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Division of Interventional Neuroradiology, Ramathibodi Hospital Medical School, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chai","family":"Kobkitsuksakul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Division of Interventional Neuroradiology, Ramathibodi Hospital Medical School, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cuong Tran","family":"Chi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Imaging, Division of Interventional Neuroradiology, University Medical Center, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam; and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Karel G.","family":"TerBrugge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neuroradiology, Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"key":"b1-spine12685","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1994.81.2.0221","article-title":"Intradural perimedullary arteriovenous fistulas (type IV spinal cord arteriovenous malformations)","volume":"81","author":"Barrow","year":"1994"},{"key":"b2-spine12685","series-title":"Surgical Neuroangiography","first-page":"767","article-title":"Classification of spinal cord arteriovenous malformations","volume":"2.2","author":"Berenstein","year":"2004"},{"key":"b3-spine12685","series-title":"Surg Radiol Anat","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02115238","article-title":"The normal vascularization of the intradural filum terminale in man","volume":"10","author":"Djindjian","year":"1988"},{"key":"b4-spine12685","series-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol","first-page":"875","article-title":"Segmental artery exchange technique for stable 4F guiding-catheter positioning in embolization of spinal vascular malformations","volume":"28","author":"Fanning","year":"2007"},{"key":"b5-spine12685","series-title":"Radiology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2223010826","article-title":"Spinal dural arteriovenous fistula localization with a technique of first-pass gadolinium-enhanced MR angiography: initial experience","volume":"222","author":"Farb","year":"2002"},{"key":"b6-spine12685","series-title":"J Neuroradiol","first-page":"211","article-title":"Spinal dural arteriovenous fistula associated with syringomyelia","volume":"27","author":"Finsterer","year":"2000"},{"key":"b7-spine12685","series-title":"Skull Base","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2005-868168","article-title":"Resolution of tonsillar herniation and cervical syringomyelia following resection of a large petrous meningioma: case report and review of literature","volume":"15","author":"Fox","year":"2005"},{"key":"b8-spine12685","series-title":"Rinsho Shinkeigaku","first-page":"653","article-title":"[A case of spinal arteriovenous malformation associated with syringomyelia extended over the entire spinal cord that presented mainly as spastic paraparesis.]","volume":"31","author":"Hasegawa","year":"1991"},{"key":"b9-spine12685","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1989.70.3.0360","article-title":"Hemodynamics of spinal dural arteriovenous fistulas. 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