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In one case, transnasal decompression was initially incomplete, and decompression was successfully achieved via a second endoscopic transnasal operation. Both cases resulted in significant neurological recovery and stable long-term spinal alignment. The transnasal approach benefits from entering into the posterior pharynx at an angle that often reduces the length of postoperative intubation and may speed a patient's return to oral intake. Higher reoperation rates are a concern for many endoscopic approaches, but there are insufficient data to conclude if this is the case for this procedure. Further experience with this technique will provide a better understanding of the indications for which it is most effective. Transcervical and transoral endoscopic approaches have also been reported and provide additional options for pediatric anterior cervical spine surgery.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3171\/2013.5.focus13147","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,1]],"date-time":"2013-08-01T09:59:17Z","timestamp":1375351157000},"page":"E14","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Transnasal endoscopic approach to the pediatric craniovertebral junction and rostral cervical spine: case series and literature review"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"Zachary L.","family":"Hickman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurological Surgery and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael M.","family":"McDowell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sunjay M.","family":"Barton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurological Surgery and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric S.","family":"Sussman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurological Surgery and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eli","family":"Grunstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Otolaryngology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard C. 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