{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,10]],"date-time":"2026-11-10T15:23:00Z","timestamp":1794324180126,"version":"4.9.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["SPI"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Object<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Herniated discs can induce sciatica by mechanical compression and\/or chemical irritation caused by proinflammatory cytokines. Using immunohistochemistry methods in the dorsal horn of a rat model of lumbar disc herniation, the authors investigated the effects of pulsed radiofrequency (PRF) current administration to the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) on pain-related behavior and activation of microglia, astrocytes, and mitogen-activated protein kinase.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 33 Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to either a sham-operated group (n = 10) or a nucleus pulposus (NP)\u2013exposed group (n = 23). Rats in the NP-exposed group were further subdivided into NP exposed with sham stimulation (NP+sham stimulation, n = 10), NP exposed with PRF (NP+PRF, n = 10), or euthanasia 10 days after NP exposure (n = 3). The DRGs in the NP+PRF rats were exposed to PRF waves (2 Hz) for 120 seconds at 45 V on postoperative Day 10. Rats were tested for mechanical allodynia 10 days after surgery and at 8 hours, 1 day, 3 days, 10 days, 20 days, and 40 days after PRF administration. Immunohistochemical staining of astrocytes (glial fibrillary acidic protein), microglia (OX-42), and phosphorylated extracellular signal\u2013regulated kinases (pERKs) in the spinal dorsal horn was performed at 41 days after PRF administration.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Starting at 8 hours after PRF administration, mechanical withdrawal thresholds dramatically increased; this response persisted for 40 days (p &lt; 0.05). After PRF administration, immunohistochemical expressions of OX-42 and pERK in the spinal dorsal horn were quantitatively reduced (p &lt; 0.05).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Pulsed radiofrequency administration to the DRG reduced mechanical allodynia and downregulated microglia activity and pERK expression in the spinal dorsal horn of a rat model of lumbar disc herniation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3171\/2013.5.spine12731","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,7]],"date-time":"2013-06-07T09:58:39Z","timestamp":1370599119000},"page":"256-263","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":55,"title":["Changes in pain behavior and glial activation in the spinal dorsal horn after pulsed radiofrequency current administration to the dorsal root ganglion in a rat model of lumbar disc herniation"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Hee Kyung","family":"Cho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, Daegu, Republic of Korea;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yun Woo","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, Daegu, Republic of Korea;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eun Hyuk","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, Daegu, Republic of Korea;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Menno E.","family":"Sluijter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Anesthesiology and Pain, Swiss Paraplegic Center, Nottwil, Switzerland; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Se Jin","family":"Hwang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sang Ho","family":"Ahn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, Daegu, Republic of Korea;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"key":"b1-spine12731","series-title":"Pain Pract","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1533-2500.2007.00105.x","article-title":"Pulsed radiofrequency in lumbar radicular pain: clinical effects in various etiological groups","volume":"7","author":"Abej\u00f3n","year":"2007"},{"key":"b2-spine12731","series-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200205010-00005","article-title":"mRNA expression of cytokines and chemokines in herniated lumbar intervertebral discs","volume":"27","author":"Ahn","year":"2002"},{"key":"b3-spine12731","series-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E50","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200202010-00003","article-title":"Epidural application of nucleus pulposus enhances nociresponses of rat dorsal horn neurons","volume":"27","author":"Anzai","year":"2002"},{"key":"b4-spine12731","series-title":"Surg Neurol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surneu.2007.05.046","article-title":"Percutaneous pulsed radiofrequency in the treatment of cervical and lumbar radicular pain","volume":"70","author":"Chao","year":"2008"},{"key":"b5-spine12731","series-title":"Exp Neurol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1006\/exnr.1999.7065","article-title":"The effect of site and type of nerve injury on spinal glial activation and neuropathic pain behavior","volume":"157","author":"Colburn","year":"1999"},{"key":"b6-spine12731","series-title":"Pain Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4637.2005.00076.x","article-title":"Electric and thermal field effects in tissue around radiofrequency electrodes","volume":"6","author":"Cosman","year":"2005"},{"key":"b7-spine12731","series-title":"Pain","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2004.03.029","article-title":"Role of TNF-alpha in sensitization of nociceptive dorsal horn neurons induced by application of nucleus pulposus to L5 dorsal root ganglion in rats","volume":"110","author":"Cuellar","year":"2004"},{"key":"b8-spine12731","series-title":"Pain Pract","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1533-2500.2009.00317.x","article-title":"Ultrastructural changes in axons following exposure to pulsed radiofrequency fields","volume":"9","author":"Erdine","year":"2009"},{"key":"b9-spine12731","series-title":"Lancet","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12115-0","article-title":"Radiofrequency lesioning of dorsal root ganglia for chronic lumbosacral radicular pain: a randomised, double-blind, controlled trial","volume":"361","author":"Geurts","year":"2003"},{"key":"b10-spine12731","series-title":"Eur J Pain","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpain.2005.03.001","article-title":"Pulsed radiofrequency applied to dorsal root ganglia causes a selective increase in ATF3 in small neurons","volume":"10","author":"Hamann","year":"2006"},{"key":"b11-spine12731","series-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1206","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200005150-00003","article-title":"Spinal glial activation and cytokine expression after lumbar root injury in the rat","volume":"25","author":"Hashizume","year":"2000"},{"key":"b12-spine12731","series-title":"Neurosurgery","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.1097\/00006123-200204000-00030","article-title":"Exposure of the dorsal root ganglion in rats to pulsed radiofrequency currents activates dorsal horn lamina I and II neurons","volume":"50","author":"Higuchi","year":"2002"},{"key":"b13-spine12731","series-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)","first-page":"2975","article-title":"2000 Volvo Award winner in basic science studies: exogenous tumor necrosis factor-alpha mimics nucleus pulposus-induced neuropathology. 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