{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T04:35:28Z","timestamp":1775018128834,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JNS"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Vein of Galen aneurysmal malformations (VGAMs) are uncommon congenital malformations arising from fistulous communication with the median vein of the prosencephalon, a primitive precursor of midline cerebral venous structures. Angiographic embolization is the primary modality for treatment given historically poor microsurgical outcomes. Only a few reports of treatment by Gamma Knife radiosurgery (GKRS) exist in the literature, and the results are variable. The authors present 2 cases of VGAM in which GKRS provided definitive treatment with good outcome: one case involving antenatal presentation of a high-output, mural-type VGAM with complex clinical course refractory to multiple embolic procedures, and the other a choroidal-type VGAM presenting with hemorrhage in an adult and without a feasible embolic approach. With discussion of these cases and review of the literature, the authors advocate inclusion of GKRS as a therapeutic option for treatment of these complex lesions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3171\/2013.6.jns121897","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,19]],"date-time":"2013-07-19T13:56:45Z","timestamp":1374242205000},"page":"120-125","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Definitive treatment of vein of Galen aneurysmal malformation with stereotactic radiosurgery"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"120","author":[{"given":"William J.","family":"Triffo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Radiology,"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J. Daniel","family":"Bourland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radiation Oncology, and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniel E.","family":"Couture","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurosurgery, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kevin P.","family":"McMullen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radiation Oncology, and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stephen B.","family":"Tatter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurosurgery, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Padraig P.","family":"Morris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Radiology,"},{"name":"Neurosurgery, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"key":"b1-jns121897","series-title":"Neurosurgery","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1207","DOI":"10.1227\/NEU.0b013e3182417be3","article-title":"Vein of Galen malformations in neonates: new management paradigms for improving outcomes","volume":"70","author":"Berenstein","year":"2012"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"b2-jns121897","series-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"i42","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.74.suppl_1.i42","article-title":"Vein of galen malformations","volume":"74","author":"Bhattacharya","year":"2003"},{"key":"b3-jns121897","series-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol","first-page":"317","article-title":"Confirmation of communication between deep venous drainage and the vein of Galen after treatment of a vein of Galen aneurysmal malformation in an infant presenting with severe pulmonary hypertension","volume":"27","author":"Gailloud","year":"2006"},{"key":"b4-jns121897","series-title":"Childs Nerv Syst","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-009-1063-8","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment of vein of Galen aneurysmal malformations","volume":"26","author":"Heuer","year":"2010"},{"key":"b5-jns121897","series-title":"J Neurosurg Pediatr","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.3171\/PED-08\/01\/075","article-title":"Endovascular remodeling technique for vein of Galen aneurysmal malformations\u2014angiographic confirmation of a connection between the median prosencephalic vein and the deep venous system","volume":"1","author":"Iizuka","year":"2008"},{"key":"b6-jns121897","series-title":"J Neurosurg Pediatr","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.3171\/2010.8.PEDS10231","article-title":"Evolution of treatment options for vein of Galen malformations. 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