{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,14]],"date-time":"2026-02-14T11:42:40Z","timestamp":1771069360153,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JNS"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Object<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The goal of this study was to examine the mechanical properties of living rat intracranial contents and corresponding brain structural alterations following parietal cerebral cortex contusion.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>After being anesthetized, young adult rats were subjected to parietal craniotomy followed by cortical contusion using a calibrated weight-drop method. Magnetic resonance imaging was used to visualize the contusion. At the site of contusion, instrumented force-controlled indentation was performed 2 hours to 21 days later on the intact dural surface. The force-deformation (stress-strain) relationship was used to calculate elastic (indentation modulus) and strain changes over time, and constant hold or cyclic stress was used to evaluate viscoelastic deformation. These measurements were followed by histological studies.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>At contusion sites, the indentation modulus was significantly decreased at 1\u20133 days and tended to be above control values at 21 days. Multicycle indentation showed that the brain tended to accumulate more strain (an indicator of viscosity) by 1 day after the contusion. Imaging and histological studies showed local edema and hemorrhage at 6 hours to 3 days and accumulation of reactive astrocytes, which began at 3 days and was pronounced by 21 days.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The viscoelastic properties of living rat brain change following contusion. Initially, edema and tissue necrosis occur, and the brain becomes less elastic and less viscous. Later, along with undergoing reactive astroglial changes, the brain tends to become stiffer than normal. These quantitative data, which are related to the physical changes in the brain following trauma and which reflect subjective impressions upon palpation, will be useful for understanding emerging diagnostic tools such as magnetic resonance elastography.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3171\/2013.7.jns121973","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,13]],"date-time":"2013-09-13T13:58:10Z","timestamp":1379080690000},"page":"1255-1262","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Intracranial biomechanics following cortical contusion in live rats"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"119","author":[{"given":"Abdulghader M.","family":"Alfasi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Human Anatomy and Cell Science and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alexander V.","family":"Shulyakov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Manitoba Institute of Child Health, Winnipeg, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marc R.","family":"Del Bigio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pathology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada;"},{"name":"Manitoba Institute of Child Health, Winnipeg, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"key":"b1-jns121973","series-title":"No To Shinkei","first-page":"47","article-title":"[Compliance of the brain (author's transl).]","volume":"32","author":"Aoyagi","year":"1980"},{"key":"b2-jns121973","series-title":"No To Shinkei","first-page":"509","article-title":"[Compliance of brain\u2014Part 2 Approach from the local elastic and viscous moduli (author's transl).]","volume":"34","author":"Aoyagi","year":"1982"},{"key":"b3-jns121973","series-title":"J Neurotrauma","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.1997.14.839","article-title":"Time course of cerebral edema after traumatic brain injury in rats: effects of riluzole and mannitol","volume":"14","author":"Bareyre","year":"1997"},{"key":"b4-jns121973","series-title":"J Neurotrauma","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1512","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2012.2788","article-title":"Long-term in vivo imaging of viscoelastic properties of the mouse brain following controlled cortical impact","volume":"30","author":"Boulet","year":"2013"},{"key":"b5-jns121973","series-title":"J Neurosci Methods","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2011.08.019","article-title":"Microscopic magnetic resonance elastography of traumatic brain injury model","volume":"201","author":"Boulet","year":"2011"},{"key":"b6-jns121973","series-title":"Med Eng Phys","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1318","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medengphy.2008.06.003","article-title":"Rheological properties of the tissues of the central nervous system: a review","volume":"30","author":"Cheng","year":"2008"},{"key":"b7-jns121973","series-title":"J Neurosci Methods","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-0270(91)90104-8","article-title":"A controlled cortical impact model of traumatic brain injury in the rat","volume":"39","author":"Dixon","year":"1991"},{"key":"b8-jns121973","series-title":"Proc Inst Mech Eng H","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1243\/09544119JEIM591","article-title":"A review of medical robotics for minimally invasive soft tissue surgery","volume":"224","author":"Dogangil","year":"2010"},{"key":"b9-jns121973","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1998.89.5.0796","article-title":"Temporal changes in intracranial pressure in a modified experimental model of closed head injury","volume":"89","author":"Engelborghs","year":"1998"},{"key":"b10-jns121973","series-title":"Brain Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(81)90067-6","article-title":"Responses to cortical injury: I. 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