{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,6]],"date-time":"2026-06-06T09:01:24Z","timestamp":1780736484673,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":416,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["FOC"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Deep brain stimulation (DBS), the practice of placing electrodes deep into the brain to stimulate subcortical structures with electrical current, has been increasing as a neurosurgical procedure over the past 15 years. Originally a treatment for essential tremor, DBS is now used and under investigation across a wide spectrum of neurological and psychiatric disorders. In addition to applying electrical stimulation for clinical symptomatic relief, the electrodes implanted can also be used to record local electrical activity in the brain, making DBS a useful research tool. Human single-neuron recordings and local field potentials are now often recorded intraoperatively as electrodes are implanted. Thus, the increasing scope of DBS clinical applications is being matched by an increase in investigational use, leading to a rapidly evolving understanding of cortical and subcortical neurocircuitry. In this review, the authors discuss recent innovations in the clinical use of DBS, both in approved indications as well as in indications under investigation. Deep brain stimulation as an investigational tool is also reviewed, paying special attention to evolving models of basal ganglia and cortical function in health and disease. Finally, the authors look to the future across several indications, highlighting gaps in knowledge and possible future directions of DBS treatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3171\/2013.9.focus13383","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,1]],"date-time":"2013-11-01T05:09:19Z","timestamp":1383282559000},"page":"E1","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":46,"title":["Deep brain stimulation: a mechanistic and clinical update"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"Patrick J.","family":"Karas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, The Neurological Institute, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles B.","family":"Mikell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, The Neurological Institute, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eisha","family":"Christian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Keck Hospital of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark A.","family":"Liker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Keck Hospital of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sameer A.","family":"Sheth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, The Neurological Institute, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"key":"b1-0350001","series-title":"Brain","first-page":"832","article-title":"Double-blind clinical trial of thalamic stimulation in patients with Tourette syndrome","volume":"134","author":"Ackermans","year":"2011"},{"key":"b2-0350001","series-title":"J Psychiatr Res","first-page":"317","article-title":"fMRI of neuronal activation with symptom provocation in unmedicated patients with obsessive compulsive disorder","volume":"34","author":"Adler","year":"2000"},{"key":"b3-0350001","series-title":"Science","first-page":"1234","article-title":"Repeated cortico-striatal stimulation generates persistent OCD-like behavior","volume":"340","author":"Ahmari","year":"2013"},{"key":"b4-0350001","series-title":"J Neurosurg Pediatr","first-page":"566","article-title":"Deep brain stimulation in children: experience and technical pearls. 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