{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T17:37:32Z","timestamp":1789839452653,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":422,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["FOC"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The goal of this review is to discuss the mechanisms of postural degeneration, particularly the loss of lumbar lordosis commonly observed in the elderly in the context of evolution, mechanical, and biological studies of the human spine and to synthesize recent research findings to clinical management of postural malalignment. Lumbar lordosis is unique to the human spine and is necessary to facilitate our upright posture. However, decreased lumbar lordosis and increased thoracic kyphosis are hallmarks of an aging human spinal column. The unique upright posture and lordotic lumbar curvature of the human spine suggest that an understanding of the evolution of the human spinal column, and the unique anatomical features that support lumbar lordosis may provide insight into spine health and degeneration. Considering evolution of the skeleton in isolation from other scientific studies provides a limited picture for clinicians. The evolution and development of human lumbar lordosis highlight the interdependence of pelvic structure and lumbar lordosis. Studies of fossils of human lineage demonstrate a convergence on the degree of lumbar lordosis and the number of lumbar vertebrae in modern\n                    <jats:italic>Homo sapiens<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Evolution and spine mechanics research show that lumbar lordosis is dictated by pelvic incidence, spinal musculature, vertebral wedging, and disc health. The evolution, mechanics, and biology research all point to the importance of spinal posture and flexibility in supporting optimal health. However, surgical management of postural deformity has focused on restoring posture at the expense of flexibility. It is possible that the need for complex and costly spinal fixation can be eliminated by developing tools for early identification of patients at risk for postural deformities through patient history (genetics, mechanics, and environmental exposure) and tracking postural changes over time.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3171\/2014.1.focus13551","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,1]],"date-time":"2014-05-01T06:54:41Z","timestamp":1398927281000},"page":"E1","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":98,"title":["Etiology of lumbar lordosis and its pathophysiology: a review of the evolution of lumbar lordosis, and the mechanics and biology of lumbar degeneration"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"Carolyn J.","family":"Sparrey","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Mechatronic Systems Engineering, Simon Fraser University, Surrey, British Columbia, Canada;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeannie F.","family":"Bailey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Anthropology and Orthopaedics & Sports Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Safaee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, California;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aaron J.","family":"Clark","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, California;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Virginie","family":"Lafage","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, NYU Hospital for Joint Diseases, New York, New York; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frank","family":"Schwab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, NYU Hospital for Joint Diseases, New York, New York; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Justin S.","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher P.","family":"Ames","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, California;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"key":"b1-0360001","series-title":"Am J Phys Anthropol","first-page":"361","article-title":"Evolution of the lumbosacral angle","volume":"72","author":"Abitbol","year":"1987"},{"key":"b2-0360001","series-title":"Am J Phys Anthropol","first-page":"65","article-title":"Evolution of the sacrum in hominoids","volume":"74","author":"Abitbol","year":"1987"},{"key":"b3-0360001","series-title":"J Neurosurg Spine","first-page":"667","article-title":"Morbidity and mortality after spinal deformity surgery in patients 75 years and older: complications and predictive factors. 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