{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T07:05:18Z","timestamp":1778569518133,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["SPI"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The risk of postoperative cancer following the use of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)\u20132 in spinal fusion is one potential complication that has received significant interest. Until recently, there has been little clinical evidence to support the assertion of potential cancer induction after BMP use in spinal surgery. This report aims to summarize the findings from clinical data available to date from the Yale University Open Data Access (YODA) project as well as more recently published large database studies regarding the association of BMP use in spinal fusion and the risk of postoperative cancer. A detailed review was based on online databases, primary studies, FDA reports, and bibliographies of key articles for studies that assessed the efficacy and safety of BMP in spinal fusion. In an analysis of the YODA project, one meta-analysis detected a statistically significant increase in cancer occurrence at 24 months but not at 48 months, and the other meta-analysis did not detect a significant increase in postoperative cancer occurrence. Analysis of 3 large health care data sets (Medicare, MarketScan, and PearlDiver) revealed that none were able to detect a significant increase in risk of malignant cancers when BMP was used compared with controls. The potential risk of postoperative cancer formation following the use of BMP in spinal fusion must be interpreted on an individual basis for each patient by the surgeon. There is no conclusive evidence that application of the common formulations of BMP during spinal surgery results in the formation of cancer locally or at a distant site.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3171\/2014.10.spine14338","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,11]],"date-time":"2015-04-11T00:28:47Z","timestamp":1428712127000},"page":"86-93","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":55,"title":["A comprehensive assessment of the risk of bone morphogenetic protein use in spinal fusion surgery and postoperative cancer diagnosis"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Kevin S.","family":"Cahill","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Carolina Neurosurgery and Spine Associates, Charlotte, North Carolina;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paul C.","family":"McCormick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York; and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Allan D.","family":"Levi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery and The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"key":"b1-spine14338","series-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1097\/01.BRS.0000048644.91330.14","article-title":"Simple carrier matrix modifications can enhance delivery of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 for posterolateral spine fusion","volume":"28","author":"Akamaru","year":"2003"},{"issue":"5 Suppl 2","key":"b2-spine14338","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"ONS423","article-title":"A comprehensive review of the safety profile of bone morphogenetic protein in spine surgery","volume":"62","author":"Benglis","year":"2008"},{"key":"b3-spine14338","series-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2662","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200212010-00005","article-title":"Use of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 to achieve posterolateral lumbar spine fusion in humans: a prospective, randomized clinical pilot trial: 2002 Volvo Award in clinical studies","volume":"27","author":"Boden","year":"2002"},{"key":"b4-spine14338","series-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1179","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199906150-00002","article-title":"Posterolateral intertranverse process spine arthrodesis with recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein 2\/hydroxyapatite-tricalcium phosphate after laminectomy in the nonhuman primate","volume":"24","author":"Boden","year":"1999"},{"key":"b5-spine14338","series-title":"J Spinal Disord","first-page":"95","article-title":"Laparoscopic anterior spinal arthrodesis with rhBMP-2 in a titanium interbody threaded cage","volume":"11","author":"Boden","year":"1998"},{"key":"b6-spine14338","series-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200002010-00020","article-title":"The use of rhBMP-2 in interbody fusion cages. 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