{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T22:16:10Z","timestamp":1790806570670,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":112,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["FOC"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Laser interstitial thermal therapy (LITT) is a minimally invasive technique for treating intracranial tumors, originally introduced in 1983. Its use in neurosurgical procedures was historically limited by early technical difficulties related to the monitoring and control of the extent of thermal damage. The development of magnetic resonance thermography and its application to LITT have allowed for real-time thermal imaging and feedback control during laser energy delivery, allowing for precise and accurate provision of tissue hyperthermia. Improvements in laser probe design, surgical stereotactic targeting hardware, and computer monitoring software have accelerated acceptance and clinical utilization of LITT as a neurosurgical treatment alternative. Current commercially available LITT systems have been used for the treatment of neurosurgical soft-tissue lesions, including difficult to access brain tumors, malignant gliomas, and radiosurgery-resistant metastases, as well as for the ablation of such lesions as epileptogenic foci and radiation necrosis. In this review, the authors aim to critically analyze the literature to describe the advent of LITT as a neurosurgical, laser excision tool, including its development, use, indications, and efficacy as it relates to neurosurgical applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3171\/2014.12.focus14762","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,2]],"date-time":"2015-03-02T03:36:59Z","timestamp":1425267419000},"page":"E13","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":158,"title":["Renaissance of laser interstitial thermal ablation"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"Symeon","family":"Missios","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Louisiana State University Health Sciences, Shreveport, Louisiana;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kimon","family":"Bekelis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Neurosurgery, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gene H.","family":"Barnett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Rose Ella Burkhardt Brain Tumor & Neuro-Oncology Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"key":"b1-focus14762","series-title":"Phys Med Biol","first-page":"265","article-title":"Nd:YAG laser irradiation in conjunction with cryogen spray cooling induces deep and spatially selective photocoagulation in animal models","volume":"42","author":"Anvari","year":"1997"},{"key":"b2-focus14762","series-title":"Acta Neurochir Suppl (Wien)","first-page":"78","article-title":"A new surgical but less invasive treatment of central brain tumours. 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Cure of animal tumors with hematoporphyrin and light","volume":"55","author":"Dougherty","year":"1975"},{"key":"b16-focus14762","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"459","article-title":"Optical properties of human brain tissue, meninges, and brain tumors in the spectral range of 200 to 900 nm","volume":"21","author":"Eggert","year":"1987"},{"key":"b17-focus14762","series-title":"Lasers Surg Med","first-page":"370","article-title":"Hyperthermia from interstitial laser irradiation in normal rat brain","volume":"7","author":"Elias","year":"1987"},{"key":"b18-focus14762","series-title":"Epilepsy Res","first-page":"547","article-title":"Stereotactic laser ablation of epileptogenic periventricular nodular heterotopia","volume":"108","author":"Esquenazi","year":"2014"},{"key":"b19-focus14762","series-title":"World Neurosurg","first-page":"652.e1","article-title":"Laser-interstitial thermal therapy for refractory cerebral edema from post-radiosurgery 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A new alternative in the therapeutic management of some brain tumors]","volume":"38","author":"Roux","year":"1992"},{"key":"b43-focus14762","series-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)","first-page":"803","article-title":"Laser-induced thermotherapy of neoplastic lesions in the brain\u2014underlying tissue alterations, MRI-monitoring and clinical applicability","volume":"146","author":"Schulze","year":"2004"},{"key":"b44-focus14762","series-title":"J Comput Assist Tomogr","first-page":"818","article-title":"Laser-induced thermal lesions in the human brain: short- and long-term appearance on MRI","volume":"21","author":"Schwabe","year":"1997"},{"key":"b45-focus14762","series-title":"Eur J Radiol","first-page":"208","article-title":"MR-guided laser-induced interstitial thermotherapy of recurrent glioblastoma multiforme: preliminary results in 16 patients","volume":"59","author":"Schwarzmaier","year":"2006"},{"key":"b46-focus14762","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"1202","article-title":"Results of the NeuroBlate System first-in-humans Phase I clinical trial for recurrent glioblastoma. 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metastasis","volume":"81","author":"Fabiano","year":"2014"},{"key":"b20-focus14762","series-title":"World Neurosurg","first-page":"e559","article-title":"Delayed failure of laser-induced interstitial thermotherapy for postradiosurgery brain metastases","volume":"82","author":"Fabiano","year":"2014"},{"key":"b21-focus14762","series-title":"Neurologist","first-page":"180","article-title":"Cerebral radiation necrosis","volume":"9","author":"Giglio","year":"2003"},{"key":"b22-focus14762","series-title":"Cancer Res","first-page":"1973","article-title":"In vitro and in vivo light dose rate effects related to hematoporphyrin derivative photodynamic therapy","volume":"45","author":"Gomer","year":"1985"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"b23-focus14762","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"167","article-title":"Robot-assisted stereotactic laser ablation in medically intractable epilepsy: operative 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