{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T12:11:50Z","timestamp":1791893510763,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JNS"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>OBJECT<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The relationship between microstructural abnormality in patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI) and hormone-secreting status remains unknown. In this study, the authors aimed to identify the role of the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) using a diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) technique and to evaluate the association of such changes with hypopituitarism in patients with TBI.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Diffusion-weighted images were obtained in 164 consecutive patients with TBI within 2 weeks after injury to generate the pituitary ADC as a measure of microstructural change. Patients with TBI were further grouped into those with and those without hypopituitarism based on the secretion status of pituitary hormones at 6 months postinjury. Thirty healthy individuals were enrolled in the study and underwent MRI examinations for comparison. Mean ADC values were compared between this control group, the patients with TBI and hypopituitarism, and the patients with TBI without hypopituitarism; correlational studies were also performed. Neurological outcome was assessed with the Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) for all TBI patients 6 months postinjury.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>In the TBI group, 84 patients had hypopituitarism and 80 had normal pituitary function. The pituitary ADC in TBI patients was significantly less than that in controls (1.83 \u00b1 0.16 vs 4.13 \u00b1 0.33, p &lt; 0.01). Furthermore, the mean ADC was much lower in TBI patients with hypopituitarism than in those without pituitary dysfunction (1.32 \u00b1 0.09 vs 2.28 \u00b1 0.17, p &lt; 0.05). There was also a significant difference in ADC values between patients with hyperprolactinemia and those with normal prolactin levels (p &lt; 0.05). Additionally, the receiver operating characteristic curve analysis showed that the pituitary ADC could predict hypopituitarism with a sensitivity of 90.0% and a specificity of 90.1% at the level of 1.720 (ADC value). Finally, the ADC value was positively correlated with neurological outcome at 6 months following TBI (r = 0.602, p &lt; 0.05).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Use of DWI demonstrated that the pituitary ADC is correlated with hormone-secreting status in TBI patients. The authors suggest that pituitary ADC may be a useful biomarker to predict pituitary function in patients with TBI.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3171\/2014.12.jns132308","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,13]],"date-time":"2015-02-13T14:58:48Z","timestamp":1423839528000},"page":"75-80","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Decreased apparent diffusion coefficient in the pituitary and correlation with hypopituitarism in patients with traumatic brain injury"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"123","author":[{"given":"Ping","family":"Zheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bin","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yijun","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingsong","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wusong","family":"Tong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"key":"b1-jns132308","series-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2009.03.011","article-title":"Persistent cognitive dysfunction after traumatic brain injury: a dopamine hypothesis","volume":"33","author":"Bales","year":"2009"},{"key":"b2-jns132308","series-title":"J Cereb Blood Flow Metab","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1097\/00004647-200105000-00012","article-title":"Apparent diffusion coefficient decreases and magnetic resonance imaging perfusion parameters are associated in ischemic tissue of acute stroke patients","volume":"21","author":"Fiehler","year":"2001"},{"key":"b3-jns132308","series-title":"J Neurotrauma","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1089\/0897715041269731","article-title":"Increase in apparent diffusion coefficient in normal appearing white matter following human traumatic brain injury correlates with injury severity","volume":"21","author":"Goetz","year":"2004"},{"key":"b4-jns132308","series-title":"J Comput Assist Tomogr","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1097\/00004728-200301000-00002","article-title":"Diffusion-weighted imaging for the evaluation of diffuse axonal injury in closed head injury","volume":"27","author":"Huisman","year":"2003"},{"key":"b5-jns132308","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.3171\/2009.10.JNS091152","article-title":"Negative effect of hypopituitarism following brain trauma in patients with diffuse axonal injury","volume":"113","author":"Jeong","year":"2010"},{"key":"b6-jns132308","series-title":"Am J Forensic Med Pathol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1097\/PAF.0b013e3181fe33e8","article-title":"Analysis of pituitary lesions in fatal closed head injury","volume":"33","author":"Kibayashi","year":"2012"},{"key":"b7-jns132308","series-title":"J Neurotrauma","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2011.2048","article-title":"Lasting pituitary hormone deficiency after traumatic brain injury","volume":"29","author":"Kozlowski Moreau","year":"2012"},{"key":"b8-jns132308","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.3171\/2009.10.JNS09930","article-title":"Dysfunction of hypothalamic-hypophysial axis after traumatic brain injury in adults","volume":"113","author":"Krahulik","year":"2010"},{"key":"b9-jns132308","series-title":"J Head Trauma Rehabil","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1097\/00001199-200609000-00001","article-title":"The epidemiology and impact of traumatic brain injury: a brief overview","volume":"21","author":"Langlois","year":"2006"},{"key":"b10-jns132308","series-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol","first-page":"1636","article-title":"Traumatic brain injury: diffusion-weighted MR imaging findings","volume":"20","author":"Liu","year":"1999"},{"key":"b11-jns132308","series-title":"J Neurosci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11869","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3647-07.2007","article-title":"Diffusion tensor imaging reliably detects experimental traumatic axonal injury and indicates approximate time of injury","volume":"27","author":"Mac Donald","year":"2007"},{"key":"b12-jns132308","series-title":"Intensive Care Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-007-0902-x","article-title":"Magnetic resonance imaging changes in the pituitary gland following acute traumatic brain injury","volume":"34","author":"Maiya","year":"2008"},{"key":"b13-jns132308","series-title":"Stroke","first-page":"e82","article-title":"Metabolic counterpart of decreased apparent diffusion coefficient during hyperacute ischemic stroke: a brain proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging study","volume":"34","author":"Nicoli","year":"2003"},{"key":"b14-jns132308","series-title":"J Neurotrauma","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1038","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2010.1562","article-title":"Health care costs associated with traumatic brain injury and psychiatric illness in adults","volume":"29","author":"Rockhill","year":"2012"},{"key":"b15-jns132308","series-title":"Brain Inj","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1080\/02699050701426956","article-title":"Histologic study of the human pituitary gland in acute traumatic brain injury","volume":"21","author":"Salehi","year":"2007"},{"key":"b16-jns132308","series-title":"J Neurotrauma","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2005.22.937","article-title":"Anterior pituitary hormone abnormalities following traumatic brain injury","volume":"22","author":"Schneider","year":"2005"},{"key":"b17-jns132308","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1141","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1999.90.6.1141","article-title":"Diabetes insipidus arising from hypothalamic diffuse axonal injury. Case illustration","volume":"90","author":"Song","year":"1999"},{"key":"b18-jns132308","series-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2117","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A3141","article-title":"Decreased fractional anisotropy evaluated using tract-based spatial statistics and correlated with cognitive dysfunction in patients with mild traumatic brain injury in the chronic stage","volume":"33","author":"Wada","year":"2012"},{"key":"b19-jns132308","series-title":"J Neurotrauma","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2010.1586","article-title":"Acute serum hormone levels: characterization and prognosis after severe traumatic brain injury","volume":"28","author":"Wagner","year":"2011"},{"key":"b20-jns132308","series-title":"Curr Psychiatry Rep","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-006-0083-2","article-title":"Psychiatric disturbances after traumatic brain injury: neurobehavioral and personality changes","volume":"8","author":"Warriner","year":"2006"},{"key":"b21-jns132308","series-title":"Brain Imaging Behav","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1007\/s11682-012-9150-y","article-title":"Diffusion tensor imaging in moderate-to-severe pediatric traumatic brain injury: changes within an 18 month post-injury interval","volume":"6","author":"Wilde","year":"2012"}],"container-title":["Journal of Neurosurgery"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/view\/journals\/j-neurosurg\/123\/1\/article-p75.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/j-neurosurg\/123\/1\/article-p75.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/j-neurosurg\/123\/1\/article-p75.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,24]],"date-time":"2022-07-24T20:49:19Z","timestamp":1658695759000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/view\/journals\/j-neurosurg\/123\/1\/article-p75.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,7]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/2014.12.jns132308","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-3085","1933-0693"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-3085","type":"print"},{"value":"1933-0693","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,7]]}}}