{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,11]],"date-time":"2026-07-11T13:13:22Z","timestamp":1783775602720,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JNS"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>OBJECT<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Results of radial nerve grafting are largely unknown for lesions of the radial nerve that occur proximal to the humerus, including those within the posterior cord.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The authors describe 13 patients with proximal radial nerve injuries who were surgically treated and then followed for at least 24 months. The patients\u2019 average age was 26 years and the average time between accident and surgery was 6 months. Sural nerve graft length averaged 12 cm. Recovery was scored according to the British Medical Research Council (BMRC) scale, which ranges from M0 to M5 (normal muscle strength).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>After grafting, all 7 patients with an elbow extension palsy recovered elbow extension, scoring M4. Six of the 13 recovered M4 wrist extension, 6 had M3, and 1 had M2. Thumb and finger extension was scored M4 in 3 patients, M3 in 2, M2 in 2, and M0 in 6.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The authors consider levels of strength of M4 for elbow and wrist extension and M3 for thumb and finger extension to be good results. Based on these criteria, overall good results were obtained in only 5 of the 13 patients. In proximal radial nerve lesions, the authors now advocate combining nerve grafts with nerve or tendon transfers to reconstruct wrist, thumb, and finger extension.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3171\/2014.12.jns141944","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,14]],"date-time":"2015-08-14T14:00:06Z","timestamp":1439560806000},"page":"179-185","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Results of nerve grafting in radial nerve injuries occurring proximal to the humerus, including those within the posterior cord"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"124","author":[{"given":"Jayme Augusto","family":"Bertelli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcos Fl\u00e1vio","family":"Ghizoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"key":"b1-jns141944","series-title":"Rev Chir Orthop Reparatrice Appar Mot","first-page":"143","article-title":"Lesions of the radial nerve in fractures of the humeral diaphysis. Apropos of 62 cases","volume":"86","author":"Alnot","year":"2000"},{"key":"b2-jns141944","series-title":"J Hand Surg Am","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2008.11.012","article-title":"Long-term results and the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand score analysis after modified Brooks and D\u2019Aubigne tendon transfer for radial nerve palsy","volume":"34","author":"Altintas","year":"2009"},{"key":"b3-jns141944","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.3171\/2014.8.JNS14277","article-title":"Nerve transfers for elbow and finger extension reconstruction in midcervical spinal cord injuries","volume":"122","author":"Bertelli","year":"2015"},{"key":"b4-jns141944","series-title":"J Brachial Plex Peripher Nerve Inj","first-page":"2","article-title":"Results and current approach for brachial plexus reconstruction","volume":"6","author":"Bertelli","year":"2011"},{"key":"b5-jns141944","series-title":"Microsurgery","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1002\/micr.22027","article-title":"Transfer of a flexor digitorum superficialis motor branch for wrist extension reconstruction in C5-C8 root injuries of the brachial plexus: a case series","volume":"33","author":"Bertelli","year":"2013"},{"key":"b6-jns141944","series-title":"J Hand Surg Am","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1990","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2012.07.010","article-title":"Transfer of nerve branch to the brachialis to reconstruct elbow extension in incomplete tetraplegia: case report","volume":"37","author":"Bertelli","year":"2012"},{"key":"b7-jns141944","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.3171\/2009.10.JNS09854","article-title":"Transfer of supinator motor branches to the posterior interosseous nerve in C7-T1 brachial plexus palsy","volume":"113","author":"Bertelli","year":"2010"},{"key":"b8-jns141944","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"333","article-title":"Triceps motor nerve branches as a donor or receiver in nerve transfers","volume":"61","author":"Bertelli","year":"2007"},{"key":"b9-jns141944","series-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1269","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0b013e31826d16cf","article-title":"Transfer of the pronator quadratus motor branch for wrist extension reconstruction in brachial plexus palsy","volume":"130","author":"Bertelli","year":"2012"},{"key":"b10-jns141944","series-title":"Hand (NY)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1007\/s11552-013-9509-6","article-title":"Prevalence of the pal-maris longus muscle and its relationship with grip and pinch strength: a study in a Turkish pediatric population","volume":"8","author":"Cetin","year":"2013"},{"key":"b11-jns141944","series-title":"J Hand Surg Eur","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1177\/1753193410384696","article-title":"Functional restoration after early tendon transfer in high radial nerve paralysis","volume":"36","author":"Dabas","year":"2011"},{"key":"b12-jns141944","series-title":"J Hand Surg Am","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1812","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2013.06.024","article-title":"Median to radial nerve transfers for restoration of wrist, finger, and thumb extension","volume":"38","author":"Davidge","year":"2013"},{"key":"b13-jns141944","series-title":"Neurosurg Rev","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1007\/s10143-002-0247-4","article-title":"Common peroneal nerve injuries: results with one-stage nerve repair and tendon transfer","volume":"26","author":"Ferraresi","year":"2003"},{"key":"b14-jns141944","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.3171\/2012.11.JNS111539","article-title":"Reanimation of elbow extension with medial pectoral nerve transfer in partial injuries to the brachial plexus","volume":"118","author":"Flores","year":"2013"},{"key":"b15-jns141944","series-title":"Neurosurgery","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E516","DOI":"10.1227\/NEU.0b013e31822ac120","article-title":"Transfer of a motor fascicle from the ulnar nerve to the branch of the radial nerve destined to the long head of the triceps for restoration of elbow extension in brachial plexus surgery: technical case report","volume":"70","author":"Flores","year":"2012"},{"key":"b16-jns141944","series-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1999","DOI":"10.1007\/s00701-011-1080-8","article-title":"Triceps brachii reinnervation in primary reconstruction of the adult brachial plexus: experience in 25 cases","volume":"153","author":"Flores","year":"2011"},{"key":"b17-jns141944","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.3171\/2012.10.JNS12637","article-title":"Outcome after transfer of intercostal nerves to the nerve of triceps long head in 25 adult patients with total brachial plexus root avulsion injury","volume":"118","author":"Gao","year":"2013"},{"key":"b18-jns141944","series-title":"J Hand Surg Am","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2013.10.011","article-title":"Nerve transfers from branches to the flexor carpi radialis and pronator teres to reconstruct the radial nerve","volume":"39","author":"Garc\u00eda-L\u00f3pez","year":"2014"},{"key":"b19-jns141944","series-title":"J Hand Surg Br","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1016\/J.JHSB.2006.05.003","article-title":"Transfer of a single flexor carpi ulnaris tendon for treatment of radial nerve palsy","volume":"31","author":"Gousheh","year":"2006"},{"key":"b20-jns141944","series-title":"PLoS ONE","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e78576","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0078576","article-title":"Review of literature of radial nerve injuries associated with humeral fractures-an integrated management strategy","volume":"8","author":"Li","year":"2013"},{"key":"b21-jns141944","series-title":"J Hand Surg Am","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.1053\/jhsu.2002.35078","article-title":"The influence of wrist position on individual finger forces during forceful grip","volume":"27","author":"Li","year":"2002"},{"key":"b22-jns141944","series-title":"J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2012.06.007","article-title":"Are tendon transfers justified in very old hand radial palsies?","volume":"65","author":"Mart\u00ednez-Vill\u00e9n","year":"2012"},{"key":"b23-jns141944","series-title":"Clin Plast Surg","first-page":"105","article-title":"Nerve grafting","volume":"11","author":"Millesi","year":"1984"},{"key":"b24-jns141944","series-title":"Microsurgery","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-2752(1996)17:8<431::AID-MICR3>3.0.CO;2-H","article-title":"Results of interfascicular nerve grafting for radial nerve lesions","volume":"17","author":"Nunley","year":"1996"},{"key":"b25-jns141944","series-title":"Chir Main","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.main.2013.04.002","article-title":"Surgical treatment of brachial plexus posterior cord lesion: a combination of nerve and tendon transfers, about nine patients","volume":"32","author":"Oberlin","year":"2013"},{"key":"b26-jns141944","series-title":"J Hand Surg Eur","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1177\/1753193409360283","article-title":"Outcomes of nerve reconstruction for radial nerve injuries based on the level of injury in 244 operative cases","volume":"35","author":"Pan","year":"2010"},{"key":"b27-jns141944","series-title":"J Hand Surg Am","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2010.11.024","article-title":"Nerve transfer to the triceps after brachial plexus injury: report of four cases","volume":"36","author":"Pet","year":"2011"},{"key":"b28-jns141944","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.3171\/2012.10.JNS12425","article-title":"Combined proximal nerve graft and distal nerve transfer for a posterior cord brachial plexus injury","volume":"118","author":"Plate","year":"2013"},{"key":"b29-jns141944","series-title":"J Hand Surg Am","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2010.09.034","article-title":"Clinical outcomes following median to radial nerve transfers","volume":"36","author":"Ray","year":"2011"},{"key":"b30-jns141944","series-title":"J Hand Surg Am","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2003.09.013","article-title":"Radial nerve palsy associated with high-energy humeral shaft fractures","volume":"29","author":"Ring","year":"2004"},{"key":"b31-jns141944","series-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1185","DOI":"10.1007\/s00701-004-0361-x","article-title":"Missile severances of the radial nerve. Results of 131 repairs","volume":"146","author":"Roganovic","year":"2004"},{"key":"b32-jns141944","series-title":"J Hand Surg Br","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1016\/J.JHSB.2006.05.020","article-title":"Long-term results of tendon transfers in radial and posterior interosseous nerve paralysis","volume":"31","author":"Ropars","year":"2006"},{"key":"b33-jns141944","series-title":"Am J Phys Med Rehabil","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"856","DOI":"10.1097\/PHM.0b013e31825f14f9","article-title":"A comparison of manual and quantitative elbow strength testing","volume":"91","author":"Shahgholi","year":"2012"},{"key":"b34-jns141944","series-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Br","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.83B5.0830646","article-title":"The radial and posterior interosseous nerves. Results of 260 repairs","volume":"83","author":"Shergill","year":"2001"},{"key":"b35-jns141944","series-title":"Microsurgery","article-title":"Thoracodorsal nerve transfer for triceps reinnervation in partial brachial plexus injuries","author":"Soldado","year":"2015"},{"key":"b36-jns141944","series-title":"J Hand Surg Eur","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1177\/1753193411427831","article-title":"Wrist extension strength required for power grip: a study using a radial nerve block model","volume":"37","author":"Suzuki","year":"2012"},{"key":"b37-jns141944","series-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0b013e3181fed7de","article-title":"Radial nerve injuries and outcomes: our experience","volume":"127","author":"Terzis","year":"2011"},{"key":"b38-jns141944","series-title":"J Hand Surg Am","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1779","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2014.06.017","article-title":"Upper limb reinnervation in C6 tetraplegia using a triple nerve transfer: case report","volume":"39","author":"van Zyl","year":"2014"}],"container-title":["Journal of Neurosurgery"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/view\/journals\/j-neurosurg\/124\/1\/article-p179.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/j-neurosurg\/124\/1\/article-p179.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/j-neurosurg\/124\/1\/article-p179.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,9]],"date-time":"2024-03-09T09:59:47Z","timestamp":1709978387000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/view\/journals\/j-neurosurg\/124\/1\/article-p179.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,1]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/2014.12.jns141944","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-3085","1933-0693"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-3085","type":"print"},{"value":"1933-0693","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,1]]}}}